Transmittance modulation

Smooth muscle cell activity is in general under neural control. Thus, the many transmitters of the autonomic nervous system are paired with receptors on the smooth muscle cell membrane. One of the current questions about smooth muscle function is What intracellular processes are the different transmitters modulating in the smooth muscle cells, in addition to their effects on the contractile state ... 

While the distinction between transmitters, modulators and hormones has its heuristic value explaining, for instance, high speed, spatial precision, and a theoretically unlimited variability in signalling, probably even simple information transfers use a combination of these modes of communication. Responses to a neuropeptide, in other words, are likely to reflect a combination, from synaptic through non-synaptic to hormonal actions, often in... 

Transmitter/Modulator Receptor Type Neuron Terminals Where Found... 

The antidepressant effect of thymoleptics manifests after a prolonged latency usually 1-3 weeks pass before subjective or objective improvement becomes noticeable (A). In contrast, somatic effects are immediately evident specifically, the interference with neuronal transmitter/modulator systems (norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, dopamine). Reuptake of released serotonin, norepinephrine, or both is impaired (—< elevated concentration in synaptic cleft) and/or receptors are blocked (example in A). These effects are demonstrable in animal studies and are the cause of acute adverse effects. 

The importance of these phenomena for the antidepressant effect remains unclear. Presumably, adaptation of receptor systems to altered concentrations or actions of transmitter/modulator substances plays a role. 2005 Thieme and conditions of license. 

Fig. 6.171(a) Mobile station (e.g. on a locomotive) containing a transmitter module, a receiver module and an antenna adaption module. 

Another relatively new but strongly growing area of application is that of security and safety components. More and more people are relying on electronic systems to protect themselves, their homes and their offices. Such systems are comprised of a variety of components such as sensors, movement detectors and transmitter modules. Since many of these parts are mounted on the exterior of buildings, a main requirement is long-term weather resistance. Examples of applications in which ASA is already in use are [106]... 

Recently, the neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), has been demonstrated in mitral and some tufted cells using both immunocytochemistry (Fig. 1 IB) and in situ hybridization in the rat (Imaki et al. 1989). CRF fibers were also observed in the molecular layer of the piriform cortex. This finding is consistent with CRF being a releasable neural peptide in mitral cells since mitral cells synaptically terminate in the molecular layer of the piriform cortex. A similar localization of CRF has been reported in the squirrel monkey suggesting that this peptide may be a conserved transmitter/ modulator in the mitral/tufted cells of many mammals (Bassett et al. 1992). Finally, calretinin, a calcium binding protein, has been shown by immunohistochemistry to be localized in mitral cells (Jacobowitz and Winsky, 1991). Transmitter candidates for mitral and tufted cells are discussed further in 2.5.3., Projections to olfactory cortex. 

Parasitic helminths exhibit a variety of putative intercellular signalling molecules. These include classical small molecule transmitters, modulators and neuropeptides. In many cases there is close spatial association of cell bodies or neurites containing certain signaling molecules with muscle tissue or with motoneurons. This provides circumstantial evidence that these chemicals represent putative transmitters or modulators involved in neuromuscular activity. In other cases physiological experiments have directly demonstrated biological activity on muscle or motoneurons. 

Cassidy, D. T. "Trace Gas Detection Using 1.3-gm InGa AsP Diode Laser Transmitter Modules." Applied Optics 27 (1988) 610-14. 

The test procedures for electrochromic phenomena of these polymers were i) electronic absorption spectra at different values of the injected charge, as in Figure 7.5 ii) data of electrical and optical response (shown by transmittance modulation at the maximum absorption wavelength of the undoped form) following the application of repeated square wave potential steps, as in Figure 7.6 (note that undoping is faster than the doping process) ... 

Figure 7.8 shows the transmittance at different wavelengths of the ITO/ PC-LiC104/pMeT/IT0 device in the coloured and in transparent pale blue states, and Figure 7.9 shows its optical response as evidenced by transmittance modulation at 530 nm and its electrical response to a linear potential... 

By using 16-bit encoder/decoder ICs, the direct transmission of 16-bit data is possible (Figure 30.7) and this eliminates the binary adder circuit required for converting 8-bit data to 16-bit data. A 16-bit data-transmission scheme uses 16-bit encoder/decoder ICs (e.g., GL116 [Glolab Corporation, United States]). The transmitter module transmits the 16-bit serial data for the receiver to be converted to 16-bit parallel data. 

ATP Accessory. Modern FT-IR instruments now offer an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory along with the typical transmittance module. The ATR method provides a powerful sampling technique that virtually eliminates sample preparation with both liquids and solids, thus leading to a dramatic improvement in throughput in the teaching laboratory. Although manufacturers offer multiple crystal options, the diamond ATR offers the best option for maximum durability in... 

The SE-Sensor, in addition to the laser beam source, consists of three modules a reference module, a transmitter module, and a receiver module. The reference module includes the beam splitter, the collimator, which defines the reference beam, and the reference diode. The transmitter module includes the collimator, which defines the illumination beam. The receiver module includes the optional usable spatial filter, the detector pinhole, and the main diode. In the following, two sensor concepts, which are suitable for applications in process plants, are presented a one-piece and a two-piece concept The optical components of these sensor concepts may be selected so that aU above presented sensor principles are feasible. 

As laser beam source, a diode laser is used, which emits a laser beam with a wavelength of A = 659 2nm and a maximum light output ofPniax = 30 mW. The collimators used for the different SE-Sensors, which generate different laser beam geometries, can be mounted in the same transmitter module, due to their identical dimensions. In the receiver module, which contains the main diode, the optionally usable pinhole can be implemented. The validation of the SE-Sensors for suspensions is carried out with particle collectives in cuvettes, which are positioned between the collimator and the receiver module perpendicular to the beam direction. For the positioning and axial adjustment of the components in the beam direction, a carrier plate is used (Fig. 12.17). 

Most of the variables are measured using conventional current-loop transmitter and receiver modules. The transmitter modules am fldd-mounted Qlose to the tremsducers sensing the variables, mhlle the receiver modules ate mounted in radcs in a cabinet acyacent to the console. The receivers convert their Inputs to 0 to +10 volt signals whidi are sent to displs modules (panel meteid and a multi-pen strip-chart recorder. 

---