DATA NEEDED FOR DESIGN

The first and most important piece of information required is a solubility curve. If solubility data for the specific solution is not available, information which is at least representative must be supplied. 

The next set of information required is the physical properties of the solutions. These are viscosity, specific heat, specific gravity, boiling point elevation and thermal conductivity. While all these datamay not be available, those available will give the experienced designer the information required to make an intelligent guess-timate of the missing physical property values. 

The third set of data includes those variables set by the plant. These are quality and quantity of utilities available composition, temperature, and quantity of feed solution and finally, desired production rate and quality (size distribution) of final product. 

The final data the designer hopes for are pilot plant data from tests he has conducted. It is here that the designer determines what level of supersaturationthe solution can support, the crystal surface area required for desupersaturation, the effect of secondary nucleation, and the residence time required for growth to desired size. Some of these values are measured directly while others are implied by indirect measurements. 

Although the major suppliers of crystallization equipment have extensive experience in crystallization and can often design equipment which will 

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The experimental data for the system COg-NaOH-NagCO are unusually well known as the result of the work of many experimenters. A serious study of the data and theoiy for this system therefore is recommended as the basis for developing a good understanding of the kind and quality of experimental information that is needed for design purposes. 

For describing structural loading functions needed for design analysis, the use of overdriven detonation data representing the net overpressure (run-up side less protected side overpressure) on the arrester element and supporting structure is preferable to data representing only the run-up side, side-on overpressure. However, the run-up side transient history of side-on overpressure for overdriven detonations should provide a conservative estimate for design purposes (see Chapter 6). 

This section provides information on the personnel who should be involved in data collection and the design of reporting forms. The specific data needs for major incident analyses are discussed, together with the storage and retrieval of data for the purpose of analysis. 

Brown Fintube s Typical Mechanical Design Data for Fintube Sections As Needed for Design Calculations... 

Accurate, precise and sensitive analytical methods are important to the collection of data needed for regulatory decisions about pesticide registration. This article describes the various components of analytical method development, validation and implementation that affect the collection of pesticide residue distribution data for regulatory assessment of environmental fate and water quality impacts. Included in this discussion are both the technical needs of analytical methods and the attributes of study design and sample collection needed to develop data that are useful for regulatory purposes. 

Reactivity Testing Many of the data needed for the design of facilities with reactivity hazards involve the determination of thermal stability and of... 

Fixed Dose Procedure. The fixed dose design (Figure 5.7) was proposed by the British Toxicology Society (1984). It is designed to supply the data needed for classification or labeling purposes. It is essentially a three-step limit test. 

A. In the substitute gas area, there are three processing steps involving water. They are the reaction step, the quench step, and the water treating step. The system involved and the data needed for process design in each step are ... 

In these experiments we have balanced the resource allocations with the depth of data necessary for each of the processes. In addition, we were able to obtain the necessary information to complete the task efficiently. In classical experimentation, one factor was changed until the optimum was found and then the next set of experiments were done at the new optimum, while changing a second variable. This procedure continued until all the variables were "optimized . With classical experimentation, the true "c timum" was rarely found. This was because only a limited number of experiments were done at each level which did not adequately explore the possible solutions, and therefore, the possibility of missing the true optimum was high. In the experiments described in this study, the interactions were extremely important and may have been missed using a tra tional approach. The above examples underscore the need for designed experiments with Aeir ability to determine how each factor affects the system, and how each of the other factors interact with that individual factor. 

Many aspects of the design of biochemical reactors are like those of ordinary chemical reactors. The information needed for design are the kinetic data and the dependence of enzyme activity on time and temperature. Many such data are available in the literature, but usually a plant design is based on laboratory data obtained with small fermenters. Standard sizes of such units range from 50 to 1000 L capacity. 

Specification of a chemical route and processing steps rarely defines the process completely. The process designer is still free to choose appropriate design variables. Further difficulties are encountered due to the lack of commercial or engineering data needed for the design. 

Level 0 Basis of Design. This step consists of gathering fundamental technological and economic data needed for performing a conceptual design, including health, safety and environmental risks. 

The four-volume series provides chemical, environmental, and safety engineers with quick and easy access to vital physical property data needed for production and process design calculations. 

Reactors to obtain accurate intrinsic kinetic rate data which are needed for design, scaleup, and optimization purposes. In these reactors the fluid dynamics and various heat and mass-transfer resistances are either known or amenable to rigorous calculations. 

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