Damage respiratory tract

Physiological action Damages respiratory tract affects eyes blisters can cause systemic poisoning. 

Strong acid, strong oxidizer, corrodes metals, reacts with protein in tissue Strong acid, corrodes metals, HCl gas damages respiratory tract Corrodes metals, dissolves glass, causes bad burns... 

Hydrolyzes in mucous membrane water to form hydrochloric acid, damaging respiratory tract epithelial cells and eyes and also causing hemoconcentration, hypovolemia, hypoxia, liver necrosis, pulmonary necrosis, and renal necrosis... 

Hydrochloric acid, HCl Strong acid, corrodes metals, gives off HCl gas vapor, which can damage respiratory tract tissue... 

Hydraziae is toxic and readily absorbed by oral, dermal, or inhalation routes of exposure. Contact with hydraziae irritates the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Liquid splashed iato the eyes may cause permanent damage to the cornea. At high doses it can cause convulsions, but even low doses may result ia ceatral aervous system depressioa. Death from acute exposure results from coavulsioas, respiratory arrest, and cardiovascular coUapse. Repeated exposure may affect the lungs, Hver, and kidneys. Of the hydraziae derivatives studied, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) appears to be the least hepatotoxic monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH) seems to be more toxic to the kidneys. Evidence is limited as to the effect of hydraziae oa reproductioa and/or development however, animal studies demonstrate that only doses that produce toxicity ia pregaant rats result ia embryotoxicity (164). 

The likelihood that materials will produce local effects in the respiratory tract depends on their physical and chemical properties, solubiHty, reactivity with fluid-lining layers of the respiratory tract, reactivity with local tissue components, and (in the case of particulates) the site of deposition. Depending on the nature of the material, and the conditions of the exposure, the types of local response produced include acute inflammation and damage, chronic... 

Tertiary Amine Catalysts. The Hquid tertiary aHphatic amines used as catalysts in the manufacture of polyurethanes can cause contact dermatitis and severe damage to the eye. Inhalation can produce moderate to severe irritation of the upper respiratory tracts and the lungs. Ventilation, protective clothing, and safety glasses are mandatory when handling these chemicals. 

Benzyl chloride is a severely irritating Hquid and causes damage to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract including pulmonary edema. Other possible effects of overexposure to benzyl chloride are CNS depression, Hver, and heart damage. Table 3 Hsts some exposure limits. 

The toxic action of bromine is similar to that of chlorine and can cause physiological damage to humans through inhalation and oral routes. It is an irritant to the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Severe exposures may result in pulmonary edema. Chronic exposure is similar to therapeutic ingestion of excessive bromides. 

Toxicity. It is a lacrymator and irritates the skin mucous membranes, especially of the respiratory tract (Ref 26). Prolonged exposure to vapors causes damage to liver, kidneys, and other organs. Concn in air of 0.1 ppm is fatal and 3.3ppm or higher are rapidly fatal (Ref 47, p 1156). Its threshold limit value in air is set at lppm (Ref 47, p 22)... 

Pyridine may cause central nervous system depression, irritation of skin and respiratory tract Large doses may produce gastro-intestinal disturbances, kidney and liver damage (Refs 3 4)... 

Virus infections such as influenza and the common cold (in reality 300-400 different strains ofrhinovirus) infect epithelial cells ofthe respiratory tract and nasopharynx, respectively. Release ofthe virus, after lysis ofthe host cells, is to the void rather than to subepithelial tissues. The epithelia is further infected resulting in general degeneration ofthe tracts. Such damage predisposes the respiratory tract to infection with opportunistic pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. 

Phenols are carcinogenic [39-42] and mutagenic thus affect the central nervous system. Long term contact to phenol may even paralyze the body and damage liver, kidneys [41] and heart [43]. Phenol and its vapour are corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract [44], Renal failure and pulmonary toxicity has been reported with overdose of 89% injectable phenol solution [45]. According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) the discharge limit of phenol in inland water should be lower than 1 mg/1 [46],... 

Exposure to hexachloroethane vapors can cause irritation to the respiratory system. Acute exposure to 260 ppm hexachloroethane had no apparent effect on the lungs and air passages in rats, but acute exposure to a concentration where particulate hexachloroethane was present in the atmosphere caused lung irritation (Weeks et al. 1979). On the other hand, intermediate-duration exposure to 260 ppm hexachloroethane appeared to cause some irritation of the respiratory epithelium, which may have increased susceptibility to respiratory infection. When exposure ceased, the animals recovered, so there were no histopathological indications of tissue damage after a 12-week recovery period. Lesions of the nasal passages, trachea, and bronchi increased mycoplasma infections mucus in the nasal cavities and decreased oxygen consumption were indicators of respiratory tract irritation from repeated episodes of hexachloroethane exposure. 

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