Cytogenetic

B. Cytogenetic analysis in cultured Chinese hamster or human cells... 

Mouse visible or eleetrophoretie specifie-locus tests Assays for skeletal and cataract mutations Cytogenetic analy.sis and heritable translocation assays DNA damage and repair in rodent germ cells Dominant lethal assay... 

Pehn, K., Hirvonen, A., Taavirsainen, M., and Linnainmaa, K. (1995). Cytogenetic response to asbestos fibers in cultured human primary mesothclial cells from 10 different donors. Mutat. Res. 3,34, 22.5-233. 

BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase that is essential for malignant transformation. Cytogenetic responses to IFN-a therapy were seen in 30-40% of the treated patients with complete responses in about 10%. Long term survival can therefore be expected in these patients. In 2000, the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib has been introduced for CML therapy and meanwhile has proven more efficient than IFN-a therapy. 

Several groups of drugs that bind to tubulin at different sites interfere with its polymerization into microtubules. These drugs are of experimental and clinical importance (Bershadsky and Vasiliev, 1988). For example, colchicine, an alkaloid derived from the meadow saffron plant Colchicum autumnale or Colchicum speciosum), is the oldest and most widely studied of these drugs. It forms a molecular complex with tubulin in the cytosol pool and prevents its polymerization into microtubules. Other substances such as colcemid, podophyllotoxin, and noco-dazole bind to the tubulin molecule at the same site as colchicine and produce a similar effect, albeit with some kinetic differences. Mature ciliary microtubules are resistant to colchicine, whereas those of the mitotic spindle are very sensitive. Colchicine and colcemid block cell division in metaphase and are widely used in cytogenetic studies of cultured cells to enhance the yield of metaphase plate chromosomes. 

Azatyan RA, Voskanyan AZ, Mirzoyan GI. 1987. Cytogenetic activity of some organophosphoms insecticides [Abstract]. Tsitol Genet 21 226-227. 

Czeizel AE. 1994. Phenotypic and cytogenetic studies in self-poisoned patients. Mutat Res 313 175-181. 

De Cassia Stocco R, Becak W, Gaeta R, et al. 1982. Cytogenetic study of workers exposed to methyl parathion. Mutat Res 103 71-76. 

Degraeve N, Moutschen J. 1984. Absence of genetic and cytogenetic effects in mice treated by the organophosphorus insecticide parathion, its methyl analogue, and paraoxon. Toxicology 32 177-183. 

Degraeve N, Chollet M-C, Moutschen J. 1984a. Cytogenetic and genetic effects of subchronic treatments with organophosphorus insecticides. Arch Toxicol 56 66-67. 

Gomez-Arroyo S, Baiza AM, Lopez G, et al. 1985. A comparative study of the cytogenetic effects of the insecticides heptachlor, malathion, and methyl parathion in Vicia faba. Contaminacion Ambiental 1 7-16. 

Gomez-Arroyo S, Diaz-Sanchez Y, Meneses-Perez MA, et al. 2000. Cytogenetic biomonitoring in a Mexican floriculture worker group exposed to pesticides. Mutat Res 466 117-124. 

Kumar D, Khan PK, Sinha SP. 1995. Cytogenetic toxicity and no-effect limit dose of pesticides. Food Chem Toxicol 33 309-314. 

Laurent C, Jadot P, Chabut C. 1996. Unexpected decrease in cytogenetic biomarkers frequencies observed after increased exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in a production plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 68 399-404. 

Nehez M, Boros P, Ferke A, et al. 1988. Cytogenetic examination of people working with agrochemicals in the southern region of Hungary. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 8 37-44. 

Singh S, Eehmann-Grube B, Boedde HW. 1984. Cytogenetic effects of paraoxon and methyl-parathion on cultured human lymphocytes SCE, clastogenic activity and cell cycle delay. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 54 195-200. 

Sobti RC, Krishan A, Pfaffenberger CD. 1982. Cytokinetic and cytogenetic effects of some agricultural chemicals on humans lymphoid cells in vitro Organophosphates. Mutat Res 102 89-102. 

Dikshith TSS, Datta KK. 1978. Endosulfan Lack of cytogenetic effects in male rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20 826-833. 

Dikshith TSS, Nath G, Datta KK. 1978. Combined cytogenetic effects of endosulfan and metepa in male rats. Indian J Exp Biol 16 1000-1002. 

Kurinnyi Al, Pilinskaya MA, German IV, et al. 1982. Implementation of a program of cytogenetic study of pesticides Preliminary evaluation of cytogenetic activity and potential mutagenic hazard of 24 pesticides. Tsitol Genet 16 50-53. 

Sobti RC, Krishan A, Davies J. 1983. Cytokinetic and cytogenetic effect of agricultural chemicals on human lymphoid cells m vitro n. Organochlorine pesticides. Arch Toxicol 52 221-231. 

Usha Rani MV, Reddy PP. 1986. Cytogenetic effects of aldrin and endosulfan in mice. IRCS J Med Sci 14 1125-1126. 

Detection of specific cytogenetic abnormalities For instance, a small deletion of band Xp21.2 was important in cloning the gene involved in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 

FISH. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization a method utilizing fluorescently labeled DNA probes to detect or confirm gene or chromosome abnormalities that are generally beyond the resolution of routine cytogenetics. 

The major Impetus to the development of methods for the prenatal detection of genetic disorders derives. In historical terms, from the roughly simultaneous development of three major techniques (11-14). One was the technique, and the willingness to use It, for obtaining samples of amnlotlc fluid early In gestation. The second was the development of techniques for the culture of human cells in vitro, and the third was the development of better techniques for cytogenetic analysis. As will be described below, with the availability of these three techniques It became possible first to work out methods for the examination of fetal chromosomes, and then, by extension, to devise ways of determining other characteristics of the fetus. 

Cytogenetic Analysis and Sex Determination. Since amnlotlc fluid cells are fetal In origin, they have the chromosome complement of the fetus Itself Therefore, the chromosomes of the fetus can be examined by karyotyping the cultured amnlotlc fluid cells There are two principal reasons for examining fetal chromosomes One, the numerically less frequent reason. 

A total of 448 of the 500 pregnancies were monitored for cytogenetic Indications exclusive of fetal sex. Of these, 332 were for advanced maternal age, with 172 of that group being between 35 and 39 years of age and 160 being 40 years or over ... 

Compositae-Madiinae). I. Cytogenetics of spontaneous hybrids. Evolution 35 543-556. 

Madiinae). II. Cytogenetics of artificial and natural hybrids. Evolution 40 959-976. 

Baldwin, B. G and Kyhos, D. W. 1996. Cytogenetic implications of artificial hybrids... 

Hennion, F. and Coudec, H. 1993. Cytogenetic variability of Ranunculus species from lies Kerguelen. Antarctic Sci. 5 37 0. 

Stebbins, G. L. and Zohary, D. 1959. Cytogenetics and evolutionary studies in the genus Dactylis 1. Morphology, distribution and interrelationships of the diploid subspecies. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 31 1-40. 

Duprat P, Gradiski D. 1980. Cytogenetic effect of trichloroethylene in the mouse as evaluated by the micronucleus test. IRCS Medical Science Library Compendium 8 182. 

Konietzko H, Haberlandt W, Heilbronner H, et al. 1978. [Cytogenetic studies on trichloroethylene workers.] Arch Toxicol 40 201-206. (German)... 

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