Octyl phenols

Surfactants. The use of surfactants is greatly restricted in formulating ophthalmic solutions. The order of surfactant toxicity is anionic > cationic >> nonionic. Several nonionic surfactants are used in relatively low concentrations to aid in dispersing steroids in suspensions and to achieve or to improve solution clarity. Those principally used are the sorbitan ether esters of oleic acid (Polysorbate or Tween 20 and 80), polymers of oxyethylated octyl phenol (Tyloxapol), and polyoxyl 40 stearate. The lowest concentration possible is used to perform the desired function. Their effect on preservative efficacy and their possible binding by macromolecules must be taken into account, as well as their effect on ocular irritation. The use of surfactants as cosolvents for an ophthalmic solution of chloramphenicol has been described [271]. This com-... 

Fig. 10 Composition and spatial distribution of the main patterns of contamination identified in sediment of the Ebro River basin from year 2004 to 2006. Different temporal distribution of the PAHs pattern of contamination over the territory and constant distribution in time of the APs and heavier PAHs as well as the OCs pattern. Big circles representing higher levels of pattern contribution than small circles. Variables identification 1, naphthalene 2, acenaphtylene 3, acenapthene 4, fluorene 5, phenanthrene 6, anthracene 7, fluoranthene 8, pyrene 9, benzo(a) anthracene 10, chrysene 11, benzo(b)fluoranthene 12, benzo(k)fluoranthene 13, benzo(a)pyr-ene 14, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 15, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 16, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 17, octyl-phenol 18, nonylphenol 19, tributylphosphate 20, a-HCH 21, HCB 22,2,4-DDE 23,4,4-DDE 24, 2,4-DDD 25, 4,4-DDD 26, 2,4-DDT 27, 4,4-DDT...

Triton X-100 (octyl phenol ethoxylate) is a registered trademark of Union Carbide and is commonly used as a detergent in... 

Triton X-100 octyl phenol ethoxylate Troc 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl... 

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (Tween 85) sugar ester (DK-F-110) tetraoxyethylene monodecyl ether (C10E4) polyoxyethylene-p-f-octyl phenol (Triton X-100) pentaethylene glycol dodecyl ether... 

By way of example, iso-octyl phenol from diisobutylene and phenol reacts quantitatively with ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to add any desired number of (C2H 0) groups as follows ... 

Polyoxyethylene p-t-octyl phenol the Triton X series of detergents, n = 9-10 for Triton X-100 and 7-8 for Triton X-114. 

Polyoxyethylene (8) dodecanol Polyoxyethylene (2 3) dodecanol Polyoxyethylene (9.5) -t-octyl-phenol Polyoxyethylene (7.5)nonyl-phenyl ether Octylglucoside... 

GLYCOLS. POLYETHYLENE, MONO((1,1,3,3-TETRAMETHYLBUTYL)PHENYL) ETHER OCTYL PHENOL condensed with 20 MOLES ETHYLENE OXIDE OCTYL PHENOL condensed with 8-10 MOLES ETHYLENE OXIDE OCTYL PHENOL condensed with 16 MOLES ETHYLENE OXIDE OCTYL PHENOL condensed with 3 MOLES ETHYLENE OXIDE... 

Tack is the ability of two rubbery materials to resist separation after bringing their surfaces into contact for a short time under light pressure. The effect of para-tert-octyl phenolic (PTOP) resin on the tack of isoprene/N660 compound has been studied before and after ageing with FTIR spectroscopy [170]. 

In those experiments with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), the same dry weight as for Triton X-405 was used for emulsion stability. The appropriate adjustment in H20 was made as well. Triton X-405 is a poly(ethoxylated) octyl phenol containing about 40 moles ethylene oxide per mole and used as supplied by Rohm Haas Co. at 70% solids.]... 

Two types of surfactant nonionics were considered. The nonyl phenol ethoxylates and the octyl phenol ethoxylates. These two types of surfactants were chosen as they are often encountered in agricultural formulations because of their respective efficiency. The results of the evaluation are giveji below ... 

With the very encouraging correlation between calculated and real values for cloud points involving nonyl phenol ethoxy-lates and octyl phenol ethoxylates, it would seem that there is justification for proceeding with this mathematical model. 

In the DDT exanple mentioned above, calculating the parameters associated with the 30% concentration in xylene and analyzing the effectiveness of octyl phenol adducts versus nonyl phenol adducts, we see the correlation between the predicted performance and the laboratory evaluations. Thus, a flow chart of events for the calculation, using a con juter program, would be as follows ... 

A. The first optimized selection was octyl phenol plus 8 moles of Ethylene Oxide. 

II. Laboratory Results Octyl phenol plus N mole of Ethylene Oxide... 

Materials — The surfactant used in this study was an octyl phenol exthoxylated with 9-10 oxyethylenic units. The product was manufactured by J. T. Baker Chemical Company, and marketed as Triton X-100. Most of the surfactants used as additives for injection fluids present a structure similar to Triton X-100. 

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