Current Status and Future Prospects

The market demand is also essential for the economics of butanol fermentation. It is expected that after biobutanol is adapted as a liquid fuel, the demand will astonishingly increase. Nonetheless, butanol is even more important as a chemical feedstock rather than as a fuel (Mascal, 2012). So, development of novel feasible industry routes for butanol-derivative products could significantly increase the market demand for butanol, and thus draw closer to the commercial production of biobutanol using the biological fermentation process. Furthermore, the recovery and utilization of the fermentation by-products (nutritional waste stream, cell biomass, CO2, and H2) can also contribute substantially to the economics of biobutanol production. For example, H2 can be used as a clean energy source, while the nutritional waste stream and cell biomass can be used for some agricultural purposes after proper treatment processes. 

Although the commercial production of biobutanol through the traditional ABE fermentation process is not currently or in the near future economically viable, the policy makers should take account the tremendous credit from the reduction of waste and the green house gases due to the renewable production processes. More attention and investments on the basic research are needed, in order to advance the whole biobutanol production pipeline and make it ultimately commercially feasible in the near future. 

In the past few decades, almost all butanol were produced via petrochemical routes. In recent years, increasing crude oil price and concerns about environmental problems have renewed the interests in butanol production through biological fermentation 

Company Time founded Location Technology Development status 

Cathay Industrial Biotech 1997 Shanghai, China Continuous closiridia ABE fermentation, with com starch as the feedstock optimized process reduced water and energy usage significantly Currently the largest biobutanol producer in the world, with a production capacity of 21 million gallons of biobutanol per year 

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The symposium on which this book is based represented an effort to examine recent advances in the field with particular emphasis on pharmaceutical applications within the context of basic science and engineering. The chapters in this book are selected from the 33 papers presented at the symposium. Each manuscript was thoroughly reviewed by leading experts in the field, edited for content and style, and revised by the authors as needed. The interdisciplinary nature of controlled-release technology is reflected in the diversity of subject areas presented here. To provide focus and cohesiveness, the chapters have been divided into six general areas. In addition, an overview chapter is included to provide perspectives on the current status and future prospects of the pharmaceutical applications of controlled-release technology. 

The purpose of this overview chapter is to provide perspectives in the current status and future prospects of controlled release drug delivery. This is accomplished by examining various delivery systems from a mechanistic point of view, exploring applications of these systems, and discussing relevant biopharmaceutical parameters. A major section of this book is devoted to fundamental issues and applications of transdermal and transmucosal delivery systems (Chapter 6,8,17-23). Other developing systems of future potential... 

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