Fluid heating

Petera, J., Nassehi, V. and Pittman, J.F.T., 1989. Petrov-Galerkiii methods on isoparametric bilinear and biquadratic elements tested for a scalar convection-diffusion problem. Ini.. J. Numer. Meth. Heat Fluid Flow 3, 205-222,... 

Basic Heat-Transfer Equations. Consider a simple, single-pass, parallel-flow heat exchanger in which both hot (heating) and cold (heated) fluids are flowing in the same direction. The temperature profiles of the fluid streams in such a heat exchanger are shown in Figure 2a. 

Distance-Velocity Lag (Dead-Time Element) The dead-time element, commonly called a distance-velocity lag, is often encountered in process systems. For example, if a temperature-measuring element is located downstream from a heat exchanger, a time delay occurs before the heated fluid leaving the exchanger arrives at the temperature measurement point. If some element of a system produces a dead-time of 0 time units, then an input to that unit,/(t), will be reproduced at the output a.s f t — 0). The transfer function for a pure dead-time element is shown in Fig. 8-17, and the transient response of the element is shown in Fig. 8-18. 

Heat-transfer aspects and performance were studied and reported on by Depew and Farbar (ASME Pap. 62-HT-14, September 1962). Heat-transfer coefficient characteristics are similar to those shown in Sec. 11 for the indirectly heated fluid bed. Another frequent application on plastics is a sm, rather incidental but necessary amount of drying required for plastic pellets and powders on receipt when shipped in bulk to the users. Pneumatic conveyors modifiea for heat transfer can handle this readily. 

Hanjalic, K. Adv.inced turbulence enclosure models A view of current status and future prospects. Int. ]. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 15, pp. 178-203, 1994. 

The draft tubes of the reaetor are hollow in order to allow eooling or heating fluid to eireulate. The 300-ml laboratory-seale reaetor (1) is geometrieally similar to the larger reaetors. A marine-type impeller (propeller) provides a smooth and even flow field throughout the reaetor. 

Certain heating fluids are not compatible with some insulating materials, and auto-ignition may occur. Caution should be exercised in sek ciing materials. 

Heater Heats fluid (adds sensible heat) but does not vaporize except for effect of temperature on vapor pressure. Heating medium is usually steam, Dowtherm, or similar fluid that condenses at pressure and temperature desired, imparting its latent heat to fluid (gas or liquid). 

In vaporization, one fluid, B, vaporizes at constant temperature while the second fluid, A, is cooled from Tj to T2. When a refrigerant such as propylene is being vaporized to condense ethylene vapors, the unit actually operates at a fixed temperature difference for the entire length of the exchanger. In this latter situation, ti equals t2 and Tj equals T2. In an evaporator, one fluid is vaporized as the heating fluid is cooled to T,. 

With such a reduction in steam flow the steam pressure within the exchanger will fall. A balance is reached when the steam pressure is such that the steam temperature gives an appropriately lowered temperature difference between the steam and the mean temperature of the heated fluid. Under no-load conditions, if the flow of the fluid being heated were to cease or if the fluid were already at the required temperature as it entered the exchanger then this temperature difference would have to be zero and the steam at the same temperature as the fluid leaving the exchanger. 

Low-pressure steam is used as the heating fluid in the machine jacket. The H20/dioxane vapors are conveyed to the condenser while the stripped FAES is sucked by an extraction pump and sent to the adjustment of AM content or directly to the storage and buffering tank. Starting from FAES containing a maximum of 50 ppm of 1,4-dioxane (on 100% AM), an 80% yield of removal can be achieved by water evaporation that is markedly dependent on the applied vacuum degree. 

Celata GP, Cumo M, McPhail S, Zummo G (2006) Characterization of fluid dynamics behavior and channel wall effects in micro-tube. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 27 135-143... 

Mala GM, Li D (1999) Flow characteristics of water in micro-tubes. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 20 142-... 

Mala GM, Li D, Werner C (1997b) Flow characteristics of water through a micro-channel between two parallel plates with electro kinetic effects. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 18 491 96 Male van P, Croon de MHJM, Tiggelaar RM, Derg van den A, Schouten JC (2004) Heat and mass transfer in a square micro-channel with asymmetric heating. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 47 87-99 Maranzana G, Perry I, Maillet D (2004) Mini- and micro-channels influence of axial conduction in the walls. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 47 3993 004 Maynes D, Webb BW (2003) Full developed electro-osmotic heat transfer in microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 46 1359-1369... 

Geld C (2004) Prediction of dynamic contact angle histories of a bubble growing at a wall. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 25 74—80... 

Shah MM (1987) Improved general correlation for critical heat flux during upflow in uniformly heated vertical tubes. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 8 326-335... 

Harms, T. M., J., K. M., Gerner, F. M., Developing convective heat transfer in deep rectangular microchannels, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 20 (1999) 149-157. 

Heating bath with heating fluid Type DT-1 (Heto, Aflerod, Denmark)... 

U.S. EPA defines boilers as enclosed devices that use controlled flame combustion to recover and export energy in the form of steam, heated fluid, or heated gases. A boiler comprises two main parts, the combustion chamber used to heat the hazardous waste and the tubes or pipes that hold the... 

Dhir, V. K., 1990, Nucleate and Transition Boiling Heat Transfer under Pool and External Flow Conditions, Proc. 9th Int. Heat Transfer Conf, vol. 1, pp. 129 155 see also Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 12(4) 290. (2)... 

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