Possible Future Directions

Alternative cathode catalysts to platinum have been the focus of many researchers over the past four decades. Numerous reviews have been published on various aspects and types of PEM fuel cell cathode catalysts.2,7-21 In this work we review the major classes of non-noble metal ORR catalysts in acidic electrolytes. The techniques used to study the catalysts, a brief history of catalyst development including major breakthroughs, and possible future directions will be discussed. 

Much of the success in the use of ion-molecule reactions to study SIKIE stems from the relative ease with which the theoretically identified requirement of there being identical reactants in different electronic states, or at least one of the reactants being in a degenerate electronic state, can be experimentally realized. Thus, it is natural to consider possible future directions in which ion-molecule studies might extend the current understanding of SIKIE. Presently, all known systems exhibiting... 

As a catalytic concept, asymmetric enamine catalysis has been the subject of several recent reviews [8-23], In this concept review, we will focus on some of the key aspects of this mode of activation, and probe the current limitations and possible future directions of enamine catalysis. 

The list of possible future directions does not end here. Recent advances have shown that ISE research remains very dynamic. This is generating a wealth of knowledge that will lead to the emergence of many new ideas and the expansion of the range of applications in which these electrodes can be used. 

We have dealt in the previous sections with the use of DMSO in certain selected reactions in some depth. We wish to round off this article with brief consideration of a few systems to illustrate some possible future directions in this field. Thus, reference will be given to micellar catalysis, C versus O alkylation, hydride reactions, and the solvated electron, in the context of studies in DMSO. 

In February 1991, many prominent contributors to the movement convened at Stanford University to discuss the results of recent research, possible future directions, and other aspects of psychedelic history and culture at an event called the Bridge Conference, the most noteworthy gathering of its kind in recent times. A brief report of the Bridge Conference is included in this Introduction and used as a springboard for discussing prevalent trends and themes in psychedelia. 

In this article, we discuss the synthesis and characterization of nanotubes of chalcogenides of Mo, W and other metals, metal oxides, BN and other materials and present the current status of the subject. We briefly examine some of the important properties of the inorganic nanotubes and indicate-possible future directions,... 

In this chapter we shall first describe RDF and OWL, the grammar of the Semantic Web, and then move on to identifiers, the vocabulary of the Semantic Web, and ontologies, which represent the real-world knowledge required to make use of the grammar and vocabulary. We will concentrate on practical chemistry- and biochemistry-orientated deployments of Semantic Web technology rather than the computer science behind it. Then we will cover some case studies Web services, databases, and semantic publishing in the forms of Semantic Eye and RSC Project Prospect. We will briefly cover what the Semantic Web has to offer for experimental data before finishing up with some possible future directions. 

The possible future directions of AD research may include (a) more detailed information in the synaptic dysfunction (i.e., localizing the pre- and postsynap-tic events, identification of the toxic tau subspecies and its molecular pathway) ... 

Several field tests of injectivity and of various types of surfactant-based mobility control for gas flooding have been reported in the literature. These are briefly reviewed for clues to possible future directions for the technology and as a guide to the research and development needed for achieving technical success and commercialization of surfactant-based mobility control for gas flooding. 

This review is organized ais follows. In Section 2, we describe the foundations of the method in its most wide-spread implementation, the one based on DPT, plane wave basis sets and pseudopotentials. In Section 3, we outline the different approaches to AIMD modeling of biological systems. This is followed by a summary of the applications that appeared so far (Section 4), with particular emphasis on enzymes (Section 5). Finally, in Section 6, we give an outlook on possible future directions for the investigation of enzymes and other fundamental claisses of biomolecules. 

In this chapter, we aim to review the techniques used in developing structurally small electrodes of different geometries, which were then applied to the detection of neurotransmitters. We will also pay special emphasis on the strategies used to minimize electrode fouling during electrochemical detection of neurotransmitters at these electrodes. A comparison of these methods and possible future directions in the development of structurally small electrodes for detection of neurotransmitters will also be presented. 

This review of formulary systems covers their history, structure, positive and negative outcomes, and possible future directions. 

Further defluorination to octafluoronapthalene, which is often the product of similar reactions, does not occur. Coupled with terminal reductants such as aqueous dithionite this reaction can be performed under catalytic conditions with respect to (C6H6)2Cr [74]. Together these reactions provide a glimpse of possible future directions for research into the application of C-F bond activation chemistry to synthetic problems. 

In ending this Chapter, it is pertinent to reflect on some of the only recently known yet key features of IVR, coherence, and mode-selective dynamics in isolated large molecules. It is also useful to consider some problems that are still outstanding and some possible future directions in these areas. 

Immobilization Current Methods and Possible Future Directions... 

This chapter examines studies that employ transition metal containing imprinted polymers for selective transformations, recognition, and separation processes. This chapter also attempts to summarize the current state of the imprinting field and identifies possible future directions. 

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