Evolution future

During the next 20-30 years, the evolution future of petroleum refining and the current refinery layout will be primarily on process modification with some new innovations coming on-stream. The industry will move predictably on to (1) deep conversion of heavy feedstocks, (2) higher hydrocracking and hydrotreating capacity, and (3) more efficient processes. 

The model is meant to be relatively open to the evolution of NDT techniques. Thus, a normal evolution of the standard is to include, in future revisions, as "standard devices" some devices which have proved to be of current use. Two other axes of evolution are the handling of processed data and of simulated data. 

J. M. Juran, M Histo ofManagingfor Quality The Evolution, Trends, and Future Directions of Managing for Quality, ASQC Quahty Press, Milwaukee, Wis., 1995, p. 597. 

Fig. 20.7. Temperofure evolution and future materials trends in turbine blades.

Polyurethane foams do, however, suffer from one serious disadvantage. Unless modified they bum with copious evolution of smoke and toxic by-products, which has led to a number of fatal fires, particularly in domestic accommodation. To some extent the problem may be reduced by suitable upholstery covering, but as mentioned on p. 775 a number of countries have now made mandatory the use of fire retardent additives. At the time of writing there is considerable activity in the development of new safer systems, particularly in the use of amino materials such as melamine as additives. Further developments may also be expected in the near future. 

Future trends for the evolution of EMCS are likely to involve improvements in user interface, easier access, better controls, and advances m integration, namely including the following ... 

Indeed, the most important factor that affects the future estimates of climate is the (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases and all kind of aerosols. The amount of these products released into the atmosphere depends upon the socio-economical and technological development of humankind. Thus, different hypotheses about these evolutions are assumed, resulting in several emission scenarios. The scenarios used in the IPCC AR4 derive from a Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) published earlier [2]. All these scenarios can be grouped in four families (storylines) that are named Al, A2, Bl, and B2. 

Things are different when a scientist has to give a overview of the future trends of his discipline. Prediction is an art, more than a science, and also the more modest goal of a critical appraisal of the trends of evolution, and of selection of a set of themes for which progress is expected or hoped cannot be performed with the same instruments used in the everyday research. 

The future evolution of ehemistiy will be more and more based on theoretieal eoneepts, and we have to ascribe to "in-depth computors" the merit of this evolution, even if quite probably the most significant progresses will not directly derive from very aeeurate calculations. 

I have touched few items selected in the varied activity of group II not sufficient to give a balanced appraisal of the evolution and of the prospects of the quantum molecular meoiy addressed to interpret chemical facts, but sufficient, I hope, to show that there is here, after more than thirty years of activity, a noticeable momentum, and that in the foreseeable future there will be other important progresses. 

There is a variety of motivations for using molecular calculations, some of which are of interest for the future evolution of theoretical chemistry. 

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