Culture surveys

Figure 11.1 is a basic example of a safety culture survey. More sophisticated and elaborate models are available. 

FIGURE 11.1 A baseline audit and a safety culture survey help in formulating safety goals. 

A total of 987 questioimaires were distributed to 44 randomly selected vessels, of which 41 vessels returned atotal of768 completed questionnaires. This gives a vessel response rate of 93% and an individual response rate of 78%. AU vessels were flying a flag listed on the Paris MOU white or grey Ust. This survey forms part of a major safety culture survey carried out in 2006, performed with a vaUdated instrument (Oltedal, Engen, 2008). 

John S. Carroll (1998), Safety Culture as an Ongoing Process Culture Surveys as Opportunities for Enquiry and Change, Work and Stress, Vol. 12, pp. 272-284. 

In this section, results obtained in a case study (Itoh and Andersen 2008, 2010) will be reviewed to illustrate the contribution of safety culture to safety outcome. In a case study, a questioimaire-based survey concerning staff reactions after the adverse event introduced in the last section, was conducted in addition to the safety culture survey. At the same time, incident reports for three years (2004-06) submitted by nurses were obtained from one of the hospitals (Hospital M) that participated in the safety culture survey. Hospital M was a private, acute-type general hospital, located in Tokyo. This hospital covered almost all clinical specialties and, at the time of the survey in 2006, it had about 500 inpatient beds, 160 full-time doctors and 360 full-time nurses. Nurses belonged to any one of 18 clinical work units 14 inpatient wards, an outpatient clinic, operating room, kidney centre, and medical examination unit. 

Research has been carried out to test the psychometric properties of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire and AHRQ Hospital Safety Culture Survey (Nieva and Sorra 2003 Sexton et al. 2006 Sorra and Nieva 2004). However, there have been important misapplications of survey tools in healthcare. A proliferation of climate surveys now exist, including many where the factor stmcture and construct validity have not been tested. Many hospitals have developed their own bespoke survey tools and these are poorly designed because basic survey design rules have not been followed. One common issue is surveys that do not counter-balance positive and negative statements, thus increasing the risk of response set bias where the... 

Safety as a shared value -Employee perceptions of management safety commitment -Management perceptions of employee safety commitment -Persoimel s reported safety attitudes in safety culture surveys -Management raising safety issues in their t s... 

Controllability -Employees reported sense of control in safety culture surveys -The extent to which persoimel perceive the organisation as supporting their work instead of hindering it -Average working hours per week of various occupational groups (NEG)... 

Proactive safety development -Number of new safety developments initiated during the year -Number of internal and external audits -Number of employee safety initiatives -Response rate to safety culture surveys... 

In order to identify areas of organisational culture that could be targeted to improve patient safety in Scottish hospitals, a safety culture survey was conducted. The aims of the study were first, to obtain a measure of safety culture from a sample of NHS acute hospitals in Scotland and then to test whether these culture scores were associated with clinical workers safety behaviours and patient and worker injuries. This would also provide a measure of safety culture within the Scottish acute hospital sector and contribute an organisational cultural perspective to the... 

Hellings, J., Schrooten, W., Klazinga, N. and Vleugels, A. 2007. Challenging patient safety culture Survey resrrlts. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 20(7), 620-32. 

Kundig, F., Staines, A., Kinge, T. and Pemeger, T.V. 2011. Numbering questionnaites had no impact on the response rate and only a slight influence on the response content of a patient safety culture survey A randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(11), 1262-5. 

Despite the great data and information that are now available as a result of the Hospital SOPS database, one big deficit has been in our understanding of what hospitals are doing between their patient safety culture survey assessments. What initiatives are hospitals implementing How successful are those initiatives in improving patient safety culture and, ultimately, patient safety ... 

An early criticism of patient safety culture survey data was that there was not sufficient evidence that culture was related to medical error, patient safety or quality or patient outcomes. There are still very few empirical studies linking the Hospital SOPS to these important outcomes and many more studies are needed. However, there have been a few key studies showing positive relationships between Hospital SOPS scores and outcomes. 

Author Intervention type Inter- vention length Setting Culture survey used Changes in culture scores... 

Verschoor et al. (2007) CUSP/eCUSP Not specified Neuroscience unit Patient Safety Group Culture Survey Increases (ranging from 12% to 36%) for five of six safety culture items... 

Etchegaray, J.M. and Thomas, E.J. 2012. Comparing two safety culture surveys Safety Attitudes Questionnaire and Hospital Survey on Patient Safety. BMJ... 

Figure 17.1 Status of European ATM Safety Culture Surveys at the end of 2012...

The development of the EUROCONTROL safety culture survey approach was an iterative process, involving the following phases (see also Gordon and Kirwan 2005 Gordon et al. 2007 EUROCONTROL 2008 Kirwan et al. 2010, 2012 Meams et al. 2013 Shorrock et al. 2011). 

Sweden s ANSP (LFV) has had several subsequent safety culture surveys prior to the NUAC FAB development. 

Experience has shown that a long list of detailed prescriptive recommendations is less effective than a shorter list of goal-oriented recommendations with suggested means of implementation. Typically, some are short term (months) and others are longer term (years). These means of implementation usually arise in the woikshops and from good practice noted in comparable enviromnents, either within the ANSP or in other ANSPs. The recommendations are not mandatory, since the safety culture surveys are not a mandatory or regulatory exercise. 

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