Cultural History

Codeine was first identified as a distinct compound in opium, the 

Codeine is one of 40 individual chemical compounds (specifically, alkaloid compounds) found in opium. Only a few of the opiate alkaloids are used medically the analgesics (painkillers) morphine 

The medicinal, or therapeutic, uses of codeine are to relieve pain, to suppress cough, and to control diarrhea (see Chapters 2 and 3). Because of its usefulness and availability as an oral medication (as opposed to an injectable medication), codeine may be the single most commonly dispensed prescription medicine in the United States. In 2004, the last full year for which data are available, more than 157 million prescriptions were written for codeine. This number of prescriptions was the highest of the 20 most-prescribed therapeutic categories. Prescriptions for codeine, and codeine-containing medicines, accounted for 3.3 billion dollars of pharmaceutical sales in the United States in 2004. Preliminary data show that the number of prescriptions for codeine for the nine-month period January to September 2005 is more than 164 million, so the drug continues to gain in popularity. 

Opium is the dried milky juice obtained from the unripe capsules of the poppy plant, Papaver som-niferum. The word opium comes from the Greek word for sap, or juice, a reference to the substance from the seed capsules of Papaver somniferum from which the drug is derived. 

Opiate refers to any drug derived from opium. Opiates inciude codeine, morphine, and papaverine. 

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Patient parameters (infection and microbiologic culture history)... 

Lenihan, John. "Mathematics and science1 [Scotland]." In Scotland a concise cultural history, ed. Paul H. Scott, 291-310. Edinburgh Mainstream, 1993. 

In The Business of Alchemy, Pamela Smith explores the relationships among alchemy, the court, and commerce in order to illuminate the cultural history of the Holy Roman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In showing how an overriding concern with religious salvation was transformed into a concentration on material increase and economic policies, Smith depicts the rise of modern science and early capitalism. In pursuing this narrative, she focuses on that ideal prey of the cultural historian, an intellectual of the second rank whose career and ideas typify those of a generation. Smith follows the career of Johann Joachim Becher (1635-1682) from university to court, his... 

Classen, C., Howes, D. and Synnott, A. (1994) Aroma - The Cultural History of Smell. Routledge, London. 

New York Times, March 17, 1891, pp. 1, 2 March 21, 1891, p. 1. On the rhetorical might of barbarism, civilization, and manhood in American political discourse in this period, see Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1995), esp. chapter 2 on these terms as they were deployed around questions of lynching. 

It is paradoxically in the most urban of settings that one becomes powerfully aware of the enduring beauty and utility of nature. It is the reshaping of nature that has made civilized urban life possible. Nature has a social and cultural history that has enriched countless dimensions of the urban experience. The design, use, and meaning of urban space involves the transformation of nature into a new synthesis. ... 

Social Radicalism and the Arts in Western Europe A Cultural History from the... 

Ellis M. (2005). The coffee house a cultural history. Phoenix, London. 

Quoted by Robert Darnton in Philosophers Trim the Tree of Knowledge The Epistemological Strategy of the Encyclopidiey in his The Great Cat Massacre and other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York Random House, 1984), 195. 

Pigeaud, Th. G. Th. 1960. Java in the Fourteenth Century a Study in Cultural History, 5 volumes. The Hague Nijhoff. 

Zaidan-hojin Tikusan-kai, Ed., Kuwa no Bunka-shi (Cultural History of Mulberry Tree), Kyodo Publishing Co. Matsumoto (Japan), 1986, pp. 126 - 127. 

The use of tobacco spread throughout the world with epidemic speed. European explorers penetrating to lands far distant in Africa and Asia sometimes found that tobacco had reached there before them. Even the Church did nothing to combat it-outside of Mexico, that is. The Frence abbe with his snuffbox is a familiar figure in Europe s cultural history. 

One of the advantages of using local breeds is that they are usually very well adapted to regional conditions. They are often better suited than modern breeds especially under harsh conditions. This could be also true for regions where particular breeds are not native (e.g. Brahman cattle in Australia). Local breeds can have some unknown properties or traits that will be important. They often have properties like disease resistance or longevity that are important for sustainable agriculture systems. Furthermore, rare breeds are part of the cultural history of the country of origin. 

Leary, Timothy. Flashbacks A Personal and Cultural History of an Era An Autobiography. New York J.P. Tarcher, 1997. Leary provides a multifaceted account of his controversial career as a rogue psychologist, psychedelic guru, and spiritual explorer. 

Templeton, L. L. Grady, C. P. L., Jr (1988). Effect of culture history on the determination of biodegradation kinetics by batch and fed-batch techniques. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 60, 651-8. 

These impulses have certainly been accelerated by the advent of psychedelics, but those who are familiar with the course of cultural history in the past hundred years will not... 

The cultural history of ceramics mainly deals with making pottery, the oldest craft on which continuous knowledge is available. Of course this knowledge has increased over the years, but in numerous places in the world pots are still being made in a way which hardly differs from the methods which were applied thousands of years ago. This is also true for the production of non-cultural ceramics, like for example bricks. 

This concludes our brief survey of the process of inducing a d-ASC. in some ways it is too simplified the actual situation in which a person, either by himself or with the help of another, sits down to induce a d-ASC is influenced by many variables that affect our lives, especially those implicit factors stemming from our personal and cultural histories that are so hard for us to see. 

Rudgley, Richard. Essential Substances A Cultural History of Intoxicants in Society. New York Kodansha America, Inc., 1994. 

Mescaline (peyote) is one such drug that has a cultural history dating from before the time of Christ as well as a separate history as a street drug. It is derived mainly from two members of the Cactaceae family—the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) and the San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi). 

In view of this unrealistic reconstructions carried out after the war, the Jewish-American professor of architecture Robert van Pelt, who actually is only a professor for cultural history, in co-operation with the Jewish-Canadian Holocaust historian Deborah Dwork, arrives at the following, no less unequivocal conclusions 173... 

Hamilton, R.W. 2003. The Art of Rice, Spirit andSustenance in Asia. Los Angeles UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. 

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