Costs, types

Chain Conveyors These devices for handling containers are available in either roller-chain designs or less costly types. There is a variety of slat conveyors that use both single and double strands of roller chain, as well as a slider type using cheaper chain. In general, slat chain conveyors are used only on loads which are too heavy for economical handling by belt, roller, or wheel units or which have odd shapes not suitable for roller or wheel units. They are particularly adaptable to pallet handhng, as are simple open strands of chain with flat-surfaced attachments. 

It is a popular misconception that plastics are cheap materials. There are low cost types but there are also the more expensive types. Important that one recognizes that it is possible to process a more expensive plastic because it provides for a lower processing cost (1-10,20,37,64). 

Table 6.2 Total cost accounting - cost types.

One of the main aspects of the SNP planning process is the cost-based plan determination. The following cost types are used to build a cost model which represents the business scenario of value-based planning ... 

Cost type Static Equal Flexible Equal Flexible... 

Section 6.2.3 is called Total Cost Assessment Looking at All the Costs Involved with a Decision. Traditional decision-making typically focuses on direct and indirect costs that appear on the balance sheet. The TCA model defines three additional cost types, contingent liabilities and internal and external intangibles. A methodology for developing total costs related to environmental impacts is discussed. 

TABLE 6.8. Environmental, Health, and Safety Cost Types in TCA Model... 

Figure 18.46 Contribution of the different cost types to the total specific separation costs in optimized batch and SMB separations for different production rates. Reproduced with permission from A. fupke et al., ]. Chromatogr., 944 (2002) 93 (Fig. 18).

Recipes 1 and 2 represent extreme values of fat content and in this respect, recipe 4 is more typical. Recipe 3 uses real chocolate. Lower cost types can be made using substitute chocolate or cocoa powder and extra fat. 

Volckman s cost data (Table II) were based on a plant capacity of 2,880,000 gallons per day, an energy cost of 5.2 mills per kw.-hr., a membrane replacement rate of 1 1/3 per year with membranes that cost 0.20 per sq. foot, an amortization period of 15 years at 6.5% interest, and the use of the Free States Geduld electrodialysis presses. The major revisions were in capital cost, type of membranes, and amortization schedule. 

Range of installed equipment costs Type of construction (as per cent of installed equipment costs) ... 

Several types of TRT exist. Choosing a specific therapy depends on the patient s preference of a particular delivery system, the side effects, and the cost. Types include injection, transdermal, buccal mucosal, and oral (Table 45.2). 

To provide longer service life to the concrete decks of the order of 75-120 years without the need to repair corrosion-induced concrete damage, a number of solid and clad corrosion-resistant 304 and 316 stainless steel rebars have been developed. Both alloys provide excellent corrosion protection but at higher cost. Type 316 stainless rebar requires more detailed studies. 

To effectively control costs in most supply chains, we must raise the visibility of costs. Alternative forms of accounting and reporting are needed. We discuss this topic in Chapter 27 from two viewpoints (1) presentation of costs in a way that illuminates rather than obscures, and (2) matching the cost type and the appropriate solution for gaining reductions. 

Statistically, the null hypothesis is Ho = the phenomenon (say, global warming) has no adverse impact. If we reject Ho and adopt a precautionary posture but in reality there was no adverse impact, we would have made a type 1 error. Not taking any corrective action and later finding out that there is an adverse impact would amount to a costly type 11 error. 

One must consider many factors when selecting and implementing controls for hazards. Risk, cost, type and severity of loss, practicality and not introducing additional hazards are all important. For type of loss, the first priority is to protect people and prevent loss of human life. Protection of property, environments, and operations follows. Haddon s energy release theory and other schemes and models (see Chapter 3) provide ideas for dealing with these priorities. Some additional models that help recognize hazards and plan for controls occur later in this chapter. 

Optical library systems fit well into a large computer-based environment, such as client-server systems, peer-to-peer local area networks, or mainframe-based systems. In such environments, there is a distinct storage hierarchy based on cost/access tradeoff of various types of data. This hierarchy is shown schematically in Fig. 14.22 asapyramid. The highest section of the pyramid contains the highest performance and highest cost type of memory. The most inexpensive (on a cost/megabyte) basis and lowest performance is that of tape. Optical libraries are an... 

In the U nited States, Arizona is the largest producer of copper, followed by U tab. New Mexico, Nevada and Montana. Many of the deposits in North America are, however, of a high-cost type with low copper contents. Because of this, more interest has been devoted to deposits in South America, China and Indonesia, countries that have shown the greatest increases in copper mine production in recent years. Annual production in the United States has decreased by 25% since 1996 owing to high production costs, falling copper prices and a weak demand, but the country is still second among the producer countries. 

Additional data that can be included in the report are the name of the injured employee, medical costs, type of injury, and the name of the supervisor. Quarterly reports on vehicle accidents should include a comparison between the current and the previous year. The statistics should include the number of preventable, non-preventable, and total accidents by department. Reports should be circulated to management and the entire supervisory force. In addition, the reports can be used at monthly safety meetings. Smaller utilities may not have sufficient data to publish reports as frequently as every three months other techniques can be used to bring the information to the attention of the employee group. Specific records and reports include employee accident records, occupational injury reports, vehicle accident reports, and public injury reports. 

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