Costs feedstock cost

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

Because most fuel ethanol manufactured ia the United States is made from com, price plays a cmcial role ia determining the competitive position of ethanol ia an open market. With com priced at about 2.50/bu, the embedded feedstock cost of product ethanol is about 0.14—0.23/L ( 0.52—0.87 gal), depending on over-all yield and by-products ignored (125). Euel ethanol plants may have contingency plans to close if com prices rise to a certain level, eg, 3.50/bu or above (126). 

The key elements of the cost of production of phenol are feedstock cost and capital cost. For phenol produced on the U.S. Gulf Coast in a 200,000 t/yr phenol plant built in 1994, the cumene feedstock cost represents 70% of the net cost of production, after allowance for acetone coproduct value. Depreciation of equipment represents 14% of the net cost and utilities approximately 7.6%. The remaining 8.4% covers all other expenses, including plant labor, maintenance, insurance, adininistration, sales, etc. 

Among the key variables in strategic alkylphenol planning are feedstock quaHty and availabiHty, equipment capabiHty, environmental needs, and product quahty. In the past decade, environmental needs have grown enormously in their effect on economic decisions. The manufacturing cost of alkylphenols includes raw-material cost, nonraw-material variable cost, fixed cost, and depreciation. 

Although biomass-to-methanol technology has yet to be commercialized, laboratory technology suggests that commercial production would be feasible at a cost of about 0.20/L. Assuming that expected improvements ia syagas cleanup and a reduction ia feedstock costs are realized, the costs may be reduced to the target of 0.15/L as early as 1998. 

The pricing of carbon black feedstocks depends on their alternate market as residual fuel oil, especially that of high sulfur No. 6 fuel oil. The actual price is deterrnined by the supply/demand relationships for these two markets. Feedstock cost contributes about 60% of the total manufacturing cost. The market price of carbon black is strongly dependent on the feedstock cost as shown in Figure 8. 

Production costs for biodiesel from soybean oil exceeds 2.00 per gal ( 0.53 per 1), compared to 0.55 to 0.65 per gal ( 0.15 to 0.17 per 1) for conventional diesel. The main cost in biodiesel is in the raw material. It takes about 7.7 lb (3.5 kg) of soybean oil valued at about 0.25 per lb (0.36 per kg) to make 1 gal (3.81) of biodiesel. Waste oils, valued at 1 per gal ( 3.79 per 1) or less, have the potential to provide low feedstock cost. However, much waste oil" is currently collected, reprocessed as yellow and white greases, and used for industrial purposes and as an animal feed supplement. Production of biodiesel... 

Chemical Marketing Reporter 252, No.26, 29th Dee. 1997, p.1/8 DEPOLYMERISATION GETS THE NOD AS ROUTE TO LOW-COST FEEDSTOCK Brand T... 

The reductive carbonylation has an advantage of low feedstock cost. A wide range of homogenous metal complexes have been tested for both reactions (1-16). The major drawback of the use of metal complex catalysts is the difficulty of catalyst recovery and purification of the reaction products (12). In addition, the gaseous reactants have to be dissolved in the alcohol/amine mixture in order to have an access to the catalyst. The reaction is limited by the solubility of the gaseous CO and 02 reactants in the liquid alcohol reactant (17). 

All coal and central natural-gas hydrogen plants are assumed to have carbon-capture and sequestration (CCS). Biomass hydrogen plants are assumed to be smaller (30-200 tonnes/day), compared with 50-400 tonnes/day for natural gas central SMRs, and 250-1200 tonnes/day for coal plants. We use a regional biomass supply curve (which specifies the amount of biomass available at a certain /tonne) (Walsh et al., 1999), to reflect biomass feedstock cost increases as demand grows. 

Location Hydrogen production Feedstock cost (electricity cost) (Ct/kWhH2) (ct/kWhJ Plant-related costs (Ct/kWhH2) Total production costs (ct/kWhH2)... 

The formation of prepolymer can also be achieved by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with EG, releasing the by-product methanol. High-purity DMT is easily obtained by distillation and in the early years of PET production, all processes were based on this feedstock. During the late 1960s, highly purified TPA was produced for the first time on an industrial scale by re-crystallization. Since then, more and more processes have shifted to TPA as the feedstock and today more than 70 % of global PET production is based on TPA. The TPA-based PET production saves approximately 8 % of total capital investment and 15% of feedstock cost (Figure 2.1). 

The operating costs are defined here as all costs that are not capital or feedstock costs. The hteratirre contains a large variation in the estimation of operating costs. Where there is a range of costs reported in different somces, a mid-point has been used. 

Figure 1. Approximate ranges of the major chemical and fuel feedstock costs in the United States between 1980 and 1989 (projected price only).

Production this way is thus complex and time consuming, therefore generating an extremely expensive material. Even if new and low-cost feedstocks are applied successfully in future, fermentative synthesis will remain high priced due to this work-up process, which cannot compete with a simple poly(olefin) production (Fig. 9). 

This problem was formulated as an MILP with the overall objective of minimizing total annualized cost of the refinery and maximizing the added value from the PVC petrochemical network. Maximizing the added value of the petrochemical network is appropriate since the feedstock costs contribute to the majority of the total cost. For instance, the feedstock cost of an ethylene plant contributes to more than 87% of the total cost when naphtha is used and 84% and 74% when propane and ethane are used, respectively (NBK MENA Equity Research, 2007). 

Increasing conventional steam cracker feedstock costs... 

Raw materials (substrate or feedstock) costs are usually a significant cost element in most biocatalytic processes. Their importance highlights the importance of good buying policy and skills and, when possible, the effective use of forwards buying and futiues markets to obtain cheap raw materials etc. despite variabilities in their... 

Price per Estimated Pounds of Feedstock Feedstock Cost per Gallon of ... 

The choice by a company for a sustainable or a petrochemical source of an ingredient will depend on various aspects, but cost will be the primary driving force. Availability of a low-cost feedstock is crucial, but also the available and appropriate technology in the company will have a large influence on this decision. 

---