Static universe

Expanding universe cosmologies, in contrast, are based on a special metric that assumes a imiversal time, independent of the curved spatial manifold, as a solution of Einstein s gravitational field equations. In reality this is a second-generation generalization of Einstein s static-universe cosmology, once assumed to be the only possible solution of the field equations on a cosmic scale. However, as emphasized by Fuller and Wheeler (1962) ... 

Introduction of the cosmological term therefore results in an empty universe with a time-dependent metric exactly the opposite of Einstein s intention to produce a matter dominated static universe. 

A. Sangalli (2001) Einstein s Static Universe An Idea Whose Time has Come Back , Notices of the AMS, January 2001, 9-16. 

Troitskij, V.S. (1996) Observational test of the cosmological theory testifies to the static universe and a new redshift-distance relation, Astrophys. and Space Sci., 1996 (240) 89-121. 

This model never matured into a coherent cosmology, stumbling upon the instability of an infinite static universe, without divine intervention. 

Newton realized that there was only one solution to this problem in a static universe, matter had to be uniformly spread throughout an infinitely large space. In 1826, Heinrich Olbers published a paper containing what is known as 01bers paradox such a universe would lead to a perpetually bright sky on earth. 

Stanley H E 1999 Scaling, universality and renormalization three pillars of modern critical phenomena Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 S358 Kadanoff L P 1999 Statistical Physics Statics, Dynamics and Renormalization (Singapore World Scientific)... 

J. Gayler, R. F. Wiggins, andj. B. Arthur, Static Electricity, Generation, Measurement, andItsEffects on Textiles, University of North Carolina, Raleigh, 1965. 

The incident shows once again how a simple modification, in this case adding liquid to the bottom of a tank instead of the top, can produce an unforeseen hazard. In the oil and chemical industries we are taught to add liquid to the bottom of a tank, not the top, to prevent splashing, the production of mist, and the generation of static electricity (see Section 5.4.1). No rule is universal. 

For a monolayer film, the stress-strain curve from Eqs. (103) and (106) is plotted in Fig. 15. For small shear strains (or stress) the stress-strain curve is linear (Hookean limit). At larger strains the stress-strain curve is increasingly nonlinear, eventually reaching a maximum stress at the yield point defined by = dT Id oLx x) = 0 or equivalently by c (q x4) = 0- The stress = where is the (experimentally accessible) static friction force [138]. By plotting T /Tlx versus o-x/o x shear-stress curves for various loads T x can be mapped onto a universal master curve irrespective of the number of strata [148]. Thus, for stresses (or strains) lower than those at the yield point the substrate sticks to the confined film while it can slip across the surface of the film otherwise so that the yield point separates the sticking from the slipping regime. By comparison with Eq. (106) it is also clear that at the yield point oo. 

In order to distinguish between kinetic and thermodynamic phenomena it is convenient to refer to the former as the 7tr/ i-effect and the latter as the tra/u-influence or static /ra/u-effect". though this nomenclature is by no means universally accepted. However, it appears that to account satisfactorily for the kinetic /rau.s-effect , both it (kinetic) and a (thermodynamic) effects must be invoked to greater or les.ser extents. Thus, for ligands which are low in the Trans series (e.g. halides), the order can be explained on the basis of a u effect whereas for ligands which arc high in the series the order is best interpreted on the basis of a jt effect. Even so, the relatively high position of H , which can have no rr-acceptor properties, seems to be a result of a a mechanism or some other interaction. 

Acids Molybdenum exhibits good resistance to hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, phosphoric and sulphuric acids (see Figs. 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4). In static tests in these acids at Ohio State University it was found that the corrosion rate for relatively long test periods (670 h) was about ten times that experienced in 47 h tests. 

D. Briggs, Surface Analysis of Polymers by XPS and Static SIMS, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998. 

Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used construction material for structures designed to resist explosive blast loads. It is used extensively in blast hardened structures because of its strength, ductility (when properly designed), mass, penetration resistance, relative economy, and universal availability. Its strength, mass, and ductility provide high resistance to the extreme blast pressure (psi) and impulse (psi-ms) loads. It is important to remember that (unlike in static load design) in the... 

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