Supernova remote

Abstract For the case of small matter effects V perturbation theory using e = 2V E/ Am2 as the expansion parameter. We derive simple and physically transparent formulas for the oscillation probabilities in the lowest order in e which are valid for an arbitrary density profile. They can be applied for the solar and supernova neutrinos propagating in matter of the Earth. Using these formulas we study features of averaging of the oscillation effects over the neutrino energy. Sensitivity of these effects to remote (from a detector), d > PE/AE, structures of the density profile is suppressed. 

The detection of thorium in stars of very low metallicity by Patrick Frangois and Monique and Frangois Spite has opened the way to a direct determination of the age of the most ancient stars, and hence also of the age of the Galaxy. The age of some of the oldest halo stars has been estimated at 15.6 billion years, with an error margin of 2 billion years. This agrees with the classic determination of the age of the oldest globular clusters at 14.9 1.5 billion years, and the age of the Universe by means of remote type la supernovas at 14.2 1.7 billion years (Arnould Takahashi 1999). 

By comparing calculated values with the actual content of these various elements in the oldest astronomical objects, we deduce that the density of nuclear matter cannot exceed 5% of the critical density. Now it so happens that the best cosmological theory to date, the theory of cosmological inflation, predicts that the Universe has exactly the critical density. This conclusion is supported by recent observations of remote supernovas and the relic background radiation. 

It is therefore a Euclidean universe which lies at the meeting point between data from remote supernova studies and observations of the cosmic background radiation. Such a universe contains just enough matter and energy to keep the geometry Euclidean. In fact the Euclidean cosmology fits our Universe like a glove. 

Following one of the biggest inquiries ever held in modern astronomy, it transpires that their apparent luminosity is slightly less than would be found if space were Euclidean and expansion were merely slowed down by the gravitational effects of matter. In fact, the expansion is more vivacious than was previously thought. This means that distances to remote objects are slightly distended, so that the supernovas appear less luminous than expected. 

The possibility of observing the outburst of Supernovae at the remote Galaxy regions, invisible within optical band because of interstellar extinction using thermal IR-radiation of interstellar dust heated by Supernova outburst is discussed in this paper. The investigation of this phenomenon by means of cooled IR-telescopes will allow the Supernova outburst parameters to be determined and the characteristics of the interstellar dust distribution to be studied. The similar effects can be detected in the vicinities of the well-known remnants of Supernovae, in particular, near Tycho Brahe and Cassiopeia A Supernovae. 

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