Cortex orbital

The frontal cortex consists of three main structures (i) motoric regions (including the Broca area and ocular areas), (ii) the prefrontal cortex, and (iii) the orbital cortex. The prefrontal cortex is associated with attention, arousal, and expectation, the orbital cortex with motivation. 

Telencephalon Cerebral cortex frontal, cingulate, orbital, and insular cortices prefrontal and cingulate cortices... 

Other abnormalities are more trait-like, and persist following symptom remission. They are found in orbital and medial prefrontal cortex areas where postmortem studies have also documented reductions in cortex volume and histopathologic changes in primary mood disorders [68], Evidence from brain mapping, lesion analysis and electrophysiologic studies of humans and experimental... 

Blumberg, H., Stern, E., Ricketts, S., et al. (1999) Rostral and orbital prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the manic state of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156 1986—1988. 

With symptom provocation, increased activity of caudate, orbital frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and thalamus... 

High metabolic rates in the orbital frontal cortex and basal ganglia of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder... 

Advances in this area have perhaps been the most profound over the past 5 to 10 years, occurring as a result of imaging studies followed by focused postmortem studies of the brains of patients with both bipolar and unipolar depression. Neuroimaging studies of patients with familial pure major depression have identified neurophysiological abnormalities in multiple areas of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), the amygdala, and related parts of the striatum and thalamus. Some of these abnormalities appear to be state dependent (i.e., present only when the patient is clinically depressed), whereas other abnormalities appear to be trait dependent (i.e., present whether the patient is depressed or not) ( 27). 

Drevets WC. Neuroimaging abnormalities in the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala in mood disorders implications for a neural circuitry-based approach to major depression. 

Several lines of evidence support the neurotrophic hypothesis. Animal and human studies indicate that stress and pain are associated with a drop in BDNF levels and that this loss of neurotrophic support contributes to atrophic structural changes in the hippocampus and perhaps other areas such as the medial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate. The hippocampus is known to be important both in contextual memory and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Likewise, the anterior cingulate plays a role in the integration of emotional stimuli and attention functions, whereas the medial orbital frontal cortex is also thought to play a role in memory, learning, and emotion. 

Over 30 structural imaging studies suggest that major depression is associated with a 5-10% loss of volume in the hippocampus, although some studies have not replicated this finding. Depression and chronic stress states have also been associated with a substantial loss of volume in the anterior cingulate and medial orbital frontal cortex. Loss of volume in structures such as the hippocampus also appears to increase as a function of the duration of illness and the amount of time that the depression remains untreated. 

Coffield, J. A., Bowen, K. K., Miletic, V. Retrograde tracing of projections between the nucleus submedius, the ventrolateral orbital cortex, and the midbrain in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 321, 488-499. 

In the rat, the limbic or ventral striatum, which includes the ventral striatum proper and the ventromedial portion of the CPu, receives extensive input from limbic structures, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as prefrontal cortical areas subserving limbic and autonomic functions (orbital, infralimbic, prelimbic and agranular insular fields) (see Section 7.2). In primates, the limbic striatum comprises the NAc and the most ventral parts of the caudate and the putamen and, as in the rat, receives input from the hippocampus and amygdala its cortical input is further defined by projections deriving from the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate area. 

Fig. 10. Anatomical organization of the dopamine D5 mRNA in the adult human brain (coronal images). The images represent the D5 expression pattern in a whole coronal hemisphere section at a mid-striatal level (A) and a coronal section at the postcommissural striatal level (B). Note the intense D5 mRNA expression primarily in the cerebral cortex (e.g. mOPFC and SF). Moderate to strong labeling is also apparent in the claustrum and anterior amygdala nucleus. aCg, anterior cingulate AAA, anterior amygdala nucleus B, magnocellular basal forebrain complex cc, corpus callosum Cl, claustrum CN, caudate nucleus F, frontal hyp, hypothalamus I, insular cortex OPFC, orbital prefrontal cortex NAc, nucleus accumbens Pu, putamen SF, superior frontal T, temporal cortex.

Zhao M, Wang JY, Jia H, Tang JS (2007) Roles of different subtypes of opioid receptors in mediating the ventrolateral orbital cortex opioid-induced inhibition of mirror-neuropathic pain in the rat. Neuroscience 144 1486-1494... 

The dorsolateral orbital cortex was delineated in accordance with... 

There are also direct projections from PC to insular and orbital cortex. Insular and orbital cortices are also... 

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