Glaucoma optic nerves

For various ophthalmological disorders, such as glaucoma, optic nerve atrophy, acute retrobulbar neuritis, cortical blindness, and central retinitis, add Flos Chrysanthemi Morifolii (Ju Hua), Fructus Lycii Chinensis (Gou Qi Zi), and Rhizoma Acori Graminei (Shi Chang Pu). 

Evaluate diagnostic tests (e.g., IOP, visual fields, and optic nerve evaluations) to determine if the patient s current glaucoma therapy is effective. 

Glaucomas are ocular disorders characterized by changes in the optic nerve head (optic disk) and by loss of visual sensitivity and field. 

In open-angle glaucoma, the specific cause of optic neuropathy is unknown. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) was historically considered to be the sole cause. Additional contributing factors include increased susceptibility of the optic nerve to ischemia, reduced or dysregulated blood flow, excitotoxicity, autoimmune reactions, and other abnormal physiologic processes. 

The goal of drug therapy in patients with glaucoma is to preserve visual function by reducing the IOP to a level at which no further optic nerve damage occurs. 

Ocular effects Prolonged use may produce posterior subcapsular cataracts, glaucoma with possible damage to the optic nerves, and may enhance the establishment of secondary ocular infections caused by fungi or viruses. 

Liver-Yang ascending Hypertension, menopausal complaints, tinnitus, deafness, glaucoma, asthenopia, optic nerve atrophy, primary cataract and conjunctivitis. 

Measurement of amino acid levels in the vitreous humor of rats after chronic intraocular pressure elevation or optic nerve transection. Glaucoma 11, 396—405. 

Tolterodine can only affect the narrow-angle glaucoma (primary closed-angle glaucoma) and is contraindicated in uncontrolled cases of this type of glaucoma. It is therefore necessary to establish if the deterioration in the patient s vision is due to tolterodine use. In order to prevent optical nerve damage, an earlier appointment with the consultant is possibly warranted and therefore the patient should be advised to contact the consultant for further advice. 

The management of open-angle glaucoma requires periodic dilation of the pupil for fundus, optic nerve, and visual field examination. Pupillary dilation is essential for the following reasons ... 

The primary vision-threatening manifestations of sarcoidosis are uveitis, glaucoma, and optic nerve involvement dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is common but of lower risk. Anterior segment findings (including conjunctival granulomas, iris nodules, iridocyclitis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca) occur in up to 70% of patients. In contrast, posterior uveitis occurs in up to 30% of patients. If only vasculitis, periphlebitis, or retinal neovascularization is considered, the frequency ranges from 4% to 17% of cases. Optic nerve involvement presents in up to 7% of patients. 

Direct Ophthalmoscopy. The direct ophthalmoscope is perhaps an imdemtilized instmment in the assessment of glaucoma. It can provide information regarding pupil function, an estimation of the anterior chamber angle depth, spherical refractive error of the patient, presence of media opacity, and a magnified view of the optic nerve... 

It is important to approach the assessment of these structures in a consistent and organized manner with several key parameters noted for every optic nerve. One way to keep this assessment organized is the mnemonic CARVES, because glaucoma carves out the optic nerve (Courtesy of Nick Holdeman, OD, MD, and Jade Schiffman, MD) ... 

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