Marine environment coral reefs

Lima LMS, Alor R, Uriostegui R, Murray SN, Pereira RC. Within-plant variation in palatability and chemical defenses in the green seaweed Avrainvillea elliottii. Bot Mar (submitted for publication) Littler MM, Taylor PR, Littler DS (1986) Plant defense associations in the marine environment. Coral Reefs 5 63-71... 

Delgado, O., and Lapointe, B. E. (1994). Nutrient-limited productivity of calcareous versus fleshy macroalgae in a eutrophic, carbonate-rich tropical marine environment. Coral Reefs 13, 151-159. 

Littler, M.M., P.R. Taylor D.S. Littler. 1986. Plant defense associations in the marine environment. Coral Reefs 5 63-71. 

Pasternak Z, Bachar A, Abelson A, Achituv Y (2004) Initiation of symbiosis between the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens and its zooxanthellae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 279 113-116 Pasternak Z, Blasius B, Abelson A, Achituv Y (2006) Host-finding behaviour and navigation capabilities of symbiotic zooxanthellae. Coral Reefs 25 201-207 Patel P, Callow ME, Joint I, Callow JA (2003) Specificity in the settlement - modifying response of bacterial biofilms towards zoospores of the marine alga Enteromorpha. Environ Microbiol 5 338-349... 

The marine environments around Malaysia are rich in natural resources including fisheries, coral reefs, sea-grass beds, and mangroves, lining the coastlines. Petroleum and natural gas resources are quite abundant in the South China Sea where offshore mining and oil prospecting activities predominate significantly. 

Cram, S., C.A. Ponce de Leon, P. Fernandez, J. Sommer, H. Rivas, and L.M. Morales. 2006. Assessment of trace elements and organic pollutants from a marine oil complex into the coral reef system of Cayo Areas, Mexico. Environ. Monit. Assess. 121 127-149... 

Shallow marine environments include coral and algal reefs as well as other bioherms and many favour calcification by benthic fauna. Stromatolites and stromatolitic environments are also typical shallow marine formations. The shallow marine carbonate environment may be subdivided into more or less agitated waters with dominantly benthic fauna, calm shallow areas with carbonate muds (e.g. Bahama Banks) with ooids as typical forms of deposits and reef areas with their complicated patterns of calcification and deposition (Bathurst, 1975 Kinsey and Davies, Chapter 2.5). 

They live under rocks, in crevices and coral reefs, and along rocky shores and protected bays in tropical areas. They prey upon other marine life, immobilizing them with their venom. In the environment of the cone shells, it has been necessary for them to develop an effective method for immobilizing prey much quicker than themselves. The snail s lack of physical agility gives way to a highly potent toxin to paralyze its prey. The Cone Shell Snail detects prey in... 

Wdd, C., Rasheed, M., Werner, U., Franke, U., Johnstone, R., Huettel, M. (2004h). Degradation and mineralization of coral mucus in reef environments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 267, 159—171. 

Fig. 2.3.2. Comparison of the range in carbon isotopic composition for hermatypic corals, ahermatypic corals, and marine carbonate precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with the COj" — HCO5 — CO2 system of ambient seawater. All of the corals (111 hermatypes and 59 ahermatypes) were collected from shallow-water, reef surface environments at Heron Island, Australia. The length of the horizontal bars is equivalent to the mean one standard deviation (Weber, 1974).

Sea whips encompass widely diverse morphologies among soft-bodied marine invertebrates and are readily abundant in reef environments. As documented by Pawlik [4], and Fenical and coworkers [59], this genus of soft corals has fleshy tissues that appear to be physically unprotected from potential predators, yet seem to be unmolested and have only a few predators. Analysis of the wide spectrum of the potent biologically active metabolites of Pseudopterogorgia presented in table 7 may offer a possible explanation of the seemingly few predators of this specie. 

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