Coral reefs sewage

This process is termed Anammox for anaerobic ammonium oxidation and is catalyzed by a speciabzed group of planctomycetes bacteria first discovered in sewage reactors (Strous and Jetten, 2004). Again, the importance of Anammox in coral reef environments has not yet been considered. 

Sewage pollution remains a concern in many coral reef regions, particularly in developing nations, and is widely considered as one of the major causes of the demise of coral reef health (Smith et al., 1981 Brown and Howard, 1985 Edinger et al., 1998, Furnas et al., 2005 Ginsburg and Glynn, 1994 Hatcher and Frith, 1985 Johannes, 1975 Wilkinson, 1993). It is not only a concern from an environmental health perspective but for human health as well (Colwell, 2004). 

Hanson, R. B., and Gundersen, K. (1976). Influence of sewage discharge on nitrogen-frxation and nitrogen flux from coral reefs in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31(6), 942-948. 

Lapointe, B. E., Barile, P. J., Litder, M. M., and Litder, D. S. (2005b). Macroalgal blooms on southeast Florida coral reefs 11. Cross-shelf discrimination of nitrogen sources indicates widespread assimilation of sewage nitrogen. Harmful Algae. 4, 1106—1122. 

Risk, M. J., and Erdmann, M. V. (2000). Isotopic composition of nitrogen in stomatopod (crustacea) tissues as an indicator of human sewage impacts on Indonesian coral reefs. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40, 50—58. 

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