Coral reefs biology

Stoddart, D.R. (1969) Ecology and morphology of recent coral reefs. Biological Review, 44, 433 198. 

Aragonite. Calcium carbonate is a common deposit in shallow tropical waters as a constituent of muds, or in the upper part of coral reefs where it precipitates from carbon dioxide-rich waters supersaturated with carbonate from intense biological photosynthesis and solar heating. Deposits of ooHtic aragonite, CaCO, extending over 250,000 km in water less than 5 m deep ate mined for industrial purposes in the Bahamas for export to the United States (19). 

Thus, with a variable degree of empiricity, mass transfer coefficients for a number of biologically relevant cases have been described phytoplankton uptake [60], periphyton uptake [61], coral-reef supply of nutrients [62-64], fixation of carbon at leaf surfaces [65], etc. 

Banner, A. H. In "Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs" Jones,... 

Cone snails are found in tropical waters, often in the neighborhood of coral reefs. These molluscs produce a complex venom delivered through a specialized radular tooth that serves as a harpoon to immobilize their prey (Olivera et al., 1990 1991). Complete immobilisation of the prey takes only a few seconds (Terlau et al., 1996). The venom from a single cone snail can contain up to 200 different biologically-active components (review Shen et al., 2000). The primary structure of the naturally-occurring co-conopeptides derived from several species of Conus are... 

Additional biological properties have been reported from toxins of marine origin, such as actin-inhibitory activity [527,528], and inactivation of a serotonin-gated ion channel [529], More recently, marine toxins have also been identified from sea cucumbers [530], and coral reef animals [531], These toxins, which have been detected in zoanthid species of the genus Palythoa, also occur in various marine organisms living in dose association with zoanthid colonies, e g., sponges, soft corals, mussels and crustaceans. 

Choat, J. H., The biology of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs, in The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs, Sale, P. F., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1991, chap. 6. 

Shashar, N., UV vision by marine animals mainly questions, in Ultraviolet Radiation and Coral Reefs, Gulko, D. and Jokiel, P. L., Eds., University of Hawaii, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Technical Report 41, Sea Grant Publication UNIHI-SEAGRANT-CR-95-03, 1995, 201. 

Scelfo, G., Relationship between solar radiation and pigmentation of the coral Monotipora verrucosa and its zooxanthellae, in Coral Reef Population Biology, Jokiel, P. L., Richmond, R. H., and Rogers, R. A., Eds., Hawaii Institute Marine Biology Technical Report 37, 1986, 440. 

Munday, P.L. and Wilson, S.K. (1997) Comparative efficacy of clove oil and other chemicals in anaesthetiza-tion of Pomacentrus amboinensis, a coral reef fish. Journal of Fish Biology 51 (5), 931-938. 

The storage of C02 in the deep ocean is an area of active modeling and some experiments. At issue is the retention time for various sites as well as the biological impacts. Advocates of deep injection point out that even in the absence of deliberate injection, the oceans already receive a portion of the carbon released from fossil fuels because of the continuous exchange of C02 between the atmosphere and the oceans. Add C02 to the atmosphere and some of it will move naturally to the ocean, as equilibrium is sought at the ocean surface.18 Also under study are the biological impacts of additional C02 in the near-surface ocean—for example, the impacts on coral reefs. 

Hutchings, P. A. (1986). Biological destruction of coral reefs a review. Coral Reefs,... 

Ginsburg, R. N. (1983). Geological and biological roles of cavities in coral reefs. In Perspective on Coral Reefs (Manuka, D. J. B., ed.). Brian Clouston Pubhsher, ACT, Austraha. pp. 148—153. 

Suzuki, Y., Nakashima, N., Yoshida, K., Casareto, B., Taki, M., Hiraga, T., Okabayashi, T., Ito, H., and Yamada, K. (1995). The important role of organic matter cycling for the biological fixation of CO2 in coral reefs. Energy Convers. Manag. 36, 737—740. 

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