Copper salts oxidant

Aquo-triammino-platinous salts have been described of general formula [Pt(NH3)3HsO]R2. These are prepared by passing a current of air through a solution of diammino-dihydroxylamino-platinous chloride, [Pt(NH3)2(NH2OH)2]Cl2, containing ammonia and ammonium sulphate and a small quantity of any copper salt. Oxidation takes place, and a colourless crystalline precipitate is obtained which is soluble ill warm dilute sulphuric acid. Analysis of this product indicates that it is probably a diplatinum derivative of composition... 

Several specific oxidative transformations of nitrogen compounds can be carried out in the presence of copper salts. Oxidation of o-phenylenediamine with molecular oxygen in the presence of a twofold excess of CuCl in pyridine results in the formation of cis,cw-mucononitrile in high yield (equation 286).618 619 The bis- i-oxo tetranuclear complex Cu4Cl402(py)4 was found to be the active species in this transformation.618 A similar procedure can be used for the selective oxidative coupling of diphenylamine to tetraphenylhydrazine by CuCl/py/02 or Cu4Cl402py4 (equation 287).619... 

In 2013, Satoh, Miura, and coworkers [39] reported the palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative ary-lation of readily available 3-benzoylacrylic acids with arylboronic acids in the presence of a copper salt oxidant, affording chalcone derivatives (Scheme 3.22). The decarboxylative arylation could also be achieved using aryl halides as an alternative aryl source (Scheme 3.22). 

The coupling of triphenylmethanols with internal alkynes proceeds in a 1 2 maimer in the presence of a rhodium catalyst and a copper salt oxidant to afford annulated products, tetra-substituted naphthalenes (Scheme 4.98) [97]. The cat-alytically active species is considered to be a Rh(III) complex generated in the medium. 

In 2008, Fagnou et al. reported that acetanilide couples with alkynes in the presence of a Cp Rh catalyst and a copper salt oxidant through ortho C—H bond cleavage to produce Al-acetylindole derivatives [Eq. (a) in Scheme 25.36] [28a]. In contrast, the authors found that benzanilide, which possesses two types of cleavable ortho C—H bonds on anilino and benzoyl moieties, undergoes annulation accompanied by the selective cleavage of the benzoyl C—H bond to give isoquinolinone derivatives [Eq. b] [20]. 

Copper(l) oxide, CujO. Red solid formed from Cu(II) salt and hydrazine or heat on CuO. Gives a cheap red glass and a cuprate, KCuO (K2O plus CU2O). 

Copper(II) oxide, CuO. Black solid formed by heating Cu(OH)2, Cu(N03)2, etc. Dissolves in acid to Cu(II) salts, decomposes to CU2O at 800 C. Forms cuprates in solid state reactions. A cuprate(III), KCUO2, is also known. 

In similar circumstances, silver salts leave a residue of metallic silver lead and copper salts usually leave a residue of the corresponding oxide calcium and barium salts leave a resirlne of the carbonate or oxide. Identify the metal in all such cases by the usual tests of qualitative inorganic analysis. Metals other than the above are seldom encountered in elementan qualitative analysis. 

Hydrazine Alkali metals, ammonia, chlorine, chromates and dichromates, copper salts, fluorine, hydrogen peroxide, metallic oxides, nickel, nitric acid, liquid oxygen, zinc diethyl... 

Copper salts cataly2e oxidative dimeri2ation to conjugated diynediols in high yields (200). 

When the operating temperature exceeds ca 93°C, the catalytic effects of metals become an important factor in promoting oil oxidation. Inhibitors that reduce this catalytic effect usually react with the surfaces of the metals to form protective coatings (see Metal surface treatments). Typical metal deactivators are the zinc dithiophosphates which also decompose hydroperoxides at temperatures above 93°C. Other metal deactivators include triazole and thiodiazole derivatives. Some copper salts intentionally put into lubricants counteract or reduce the catalytic effect of metals. 

Resorcinol or hydroquinone production from m- or -diisopropylben2ene [100-18-5] is realized in two steps, air oxidation and cleavage, as shown above. Air oxidation to obtain the dihydroperoxide (DHP) coproduces the corresponding hydroxyhydroperoxide (HHP) and dicarbinol (DC). This formation of alcohols is inherent to the autooxidation process itself and the amounts increase as DIPB conversion increases. Generally, this oxidation is carried out at 90—100°C in aqueous sodium hydroxide with eventually, in addition, organic bases (pyridine, imidazole, citrate, or oxalate) (8) as well as cobalt or copper salts (9). 

Tendering Effects. CeUulosic materials dyed with sulfur black have been known to suffer degradation by acid tendering when stored under moist warm conditions. This effect may result from the Hberation of small quantities of sulfuric acid which occurs when some of the polysulfide links of the sulfur dye are mptured. A buffer, such as sodium acetate, or a dilute alkaH in the final rinse, especially after oxidation in acidic conditions, may prevent this occurrence. Copper salts should never be used with sulfur black dyes because they cataly2e sulfuric acid generation. Few instances of tendering with sulfur dyes other than black occur and the problem is largely confined to cotton. 

In a patent assigned to Mitsubishi, air oxidation is carried out in the presence of copper salts to avoid the formation of complicating impurities in the oxidation of dihydrovitarnin to vitamin (33). In other work, high yields of vitamin were obtained by performing the oxidation in an alkaU medium (34). High purity vitamin can also be obtained by an oxidation in dimethyl sulfoxide (35). 

The reaction is generally carried out in water, and the resulting dixanthogen separates as a soHd or oil. Copper salts also affect the oxidation ... 

Salts of neodecanoic acid have been used in the preparation of supported catalysts, such as silver neodecanoate for the preparation of ethylene oxide catalysts (119), and the nickel soap in the preparation of a hydrogenation catalyst (120). Metal neodecanoates, such as magnesium, lead, calcium, and zinc, are used to improve the adherence of plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) sheet to safety glass in car windshields (121). Platinum complexes using neodecanoic acid have been studied for antitumor activity (122). Neodecanoic acid and its esters are used in cosmetics as emoUients, emulsifiers, and solubilizers (77,123,124). Zinc or copper salts of neoacids are used as preservatives for wood (125). 

The oxidative carbonylation of styrene with carbon monoxide, oxygen, and an aUphatic alcohol in the presence of a palladium salt, a copper salt, and sodium propionate also provides the requisite cinnamate. 

Coppet(II) oxide [1317-38-0] CuO, is found in nature as the black triclinic tenorite [1317-92-6] or the cubic or tetrahedral paramelaconite [71276-37 ]. Commercially available copper(II) oxide is generally black and dense although a brown material of low bulk density can be prepared by decomposition of the carbonate or hydroxide at around 300°C, or by the hydrolysis of hot copper salt solutions with sodium hydroxide. The black product of commerce is most often prepared by evaporation of Cu(NH2)4C02 solutions (35) or by precipitation of copper(II) oxide from hot ammonia solutions by addition of sodium hydroxide. An extremely fine (10—20 nm) copper(II) oxide has been prepared for use as a precursor in superconductors (36). 

An example of the use of copper as a catalyst is Acid Blue 25 [6408-78-2] (Cl 62055) in which l-amino-2-sulfonic-4-bromoanthraquinone is condensed with aniline using copper salts (Ullmann reaction) (314). Another example is oxidation to the tria2ole of Direct YeUow 106 [12222-60-5] (Cl 40300) (315,316). 

The reactions of copper salts with diacyl peroxides have been investigated quite thoroughly, and the mechanistic studies indicate that both radicals and carbocations are involved as intermediates. The radicals are oxidized to carbocations by Cu(II), and the final products can be recognized as having arisen from carbocations because characteristic patterns of substitution, elimination, and rearrangement can be discerned " ... 

The Glaser reaction is an oxidative coupling of terminal alkynes 1 to yield a symmetrical Z -acetylene 2 the coupling step is catalyzed by a copper salt. Closely related is the Eglinton reaction, which differs from the Glaser reaction mainly by the use of stoichiometric amounts of copper salt as oxidizing agent. 

Cupri-. cupric, copper(II). -azetst, n. cupric acetate, copper(II) acetate, -carbonat, n. cupric carbonate, copper(II) carbonate, -chlorid, n. cupric chloride, copper(II) chloride. -hydroxyd, n. cupric hydroxide, cop-per(II) hydroxide. -ion, n. cupric ion, copper(II) ion. -ozalat, n. cupric oxalate, copper(II) oxalate, -oxyd, n. cupric oxide, copper(II) oxide. -salz, n. cupric salt, copper(II) salt, -suifat, n. cupric sulfate. copper(II) sulfate, -sulfid, n. cupric sulfide, copper(II) sulfide, -verbihdung, /. cupric compound, copper(II) compound, -wein-saure, /. cupritartaric acid. 

Cupro-. cuprous, copper(I), cupro-. -chlorid, n. cuprous chloride, copper(I) chloride, -cy-aniir, n. cuprous cyanide, copper(I) cyanide cuprocyanide, cyanocuprate(I). -jodid, n. cuprous iodide, copper(I) iodide, -mangan, n. cupromanganese. -oxyd, n. cuprous oxide, copper(I) oxide, -salz, n. cuprous salt, cop-per(I) salt, -suifocyantir, n. cuprous thiocyanate, copper (I) thiocyanate, -verbin-dUDg, /. cuprous compound, copper(I) compound. 

Kupferoxyd, n. cupric oxide, copper(II) oxide, -ammoniak, n. ammoniacal copper oxide, cu-prammonium. -ammoniakkunstseide, -am-moniakzellulose, /. cuprammonium rayon, -hydrat, n. cupric hydroxide, copper(II) hydroxide. -salz, n. cupric salt, copper(II) salt. 

Kupferozydul, n. cuprous oxide, copper(I) oxide, -hydrat, n. cuprous hydroxide, cop-per(I) hydroxide, -salz, n. cuprous salt, copper (I) salt, -verblndung,/. cuprous compound, copper(I) compound. 

Tinned copper and copper alloys Copper itself has a fair corrosion resistance but traces of copper salts are often troublesome and a tin coating offers a convenient means of preventing their formation. Thus copper wire to receive rubber insulation is tinned to preserve the copper from sulphide tarnish and the rubber from copper-catalysed oxidation, and also to keep the wire easily solderable. Vessels to contain water or foodstuffs, including cooking vessels, water-heaters and heat exchangers, may all be tinned to avoid copper contamination accompanied by possible catalysis of the oxidation of such products as milk, and discolouration in the form of, for example, green stains in water and food. 

The diazonio group can also be replaced by —OH to yield a phenol and by —H to yield an arene. A phenol is prepared by reaction of the arenediazonium salt with copper(I) oxide in an aqueous solution of copper(ll) nitrate, a reaction that is especially useful because few other general methods exist for introducing an -OH group onto an aromatic ring. 

Copper salts usually are the result of corrosion in the post-boiler section and may be present as red cuprous oxide (Cu20), black cupric oxide (CuO), or blue-green copper sulfate (CuSO ). Mostly, copper salts are mixed with hematite and magnetite and take on a black color. 

The major problem of these diazotizations is oxidation of the initial aminophenols by nitrous acid to the corresponding quinones. Easily oxidized amines, in particular aminonaphthols, are therefore commonly diazotized in a weakly acidic medium (pH 3, so-called neutral diazotization) or in the presence of zinc or copper salts. This process, which is due to Sandmeyer, is important in the manufacture of diazo components for metal complex dyes, in particular those derived from l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. Kozlov and Volodarskii (1969) measured the rates of diazotization of l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid in the presence of one equivalent of 13 different sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates of di- and trivalent metal ions (Cu2+, Sn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2 +, Fe3+, Al3+, etc.). The rates are first-order with respect to the added salts. The highest rate is that in the presence of Cu2+. The anions also have a catalytic effect (CuCl2 > Cu(N03)2 > CuS04). The mechanistic basis of this metal ion catalysis is not yet clear. 

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