Copper tinning

The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. 

COppERALLOYS - CAST COPPER ALLOYS] (Vol 7) Copper-tin-zinc-lead alloys... 

The abundance of indium in the earth s cmst is probably about 0.1 ppm, similat to that of silver. It is found in trace amounts in many minerals, particulady in the sulfide ores of zinc and to a lesser extent in association with sulfides of copper, tin, and lead. Indium follows zinc through flotation concentration, and commercial recovery of the metal is achieved by treating residues, flue dusts, slags, and metallic intermediates in zinc smelting and associated lead (qv) and copper (qv) smelting (see Metallurgy, EXTRACTIVE Zinc and zinc alloys). 

Many nonferrous metals can be extracted by reduction smelting, eg, copper, tin, nickel, cobalt, silver, antimony, and bismuth. Blast furnaces are sometimes used for the smelting of copper or tin, but flash and reverberatory furnaces are more common for metals other than lead. 

Stannous Oxide. Stannous oxide, SnO ((tin(II) oxide), mol wt 134.70, sp gr 6.5) is a stable, blue-black, crystalline product that decomposes at above 385°C. It is insoluble in water or methanol, but is readily soluble in acids and concentrated alkaHes. It is generally prepared from the precipitation of a stannous oxide hydrate from a solution of stannous chloride with alkaH. Treatment at controUed pH in water near the boiling point converts the hydrate to the oxide. Stannous oxide reacts readily with organic acids and mineral acids, which accounts and for its primary use as an intermediate in the manufacture of other tin compounds. Minor uses of stannous oxide are in the preparation of gold—tin and copper—tin mby glass. 

Generally, most asphalts are 79—88 wt % C, 7—13 wt % H, trace-8 wt % S, 2—8 wt % O, and trace-3 wt % N (Table 7). Trace metals such as iron, nickel, vanadium, calcium, titanium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, copper, tin, and 2inc, occur in cmde oils. Vanadium and nickel are bound in organic complexes and, by virtue of the concentration (distillation) process by which asphalt is manufactured, are also found in asphalt. 

Tin babbitts are based on the tin—antimony—copper system and commonly contain about 3—8% copper and 5—8% antimony. Within a soft, sohd-solution matrix of antimony in tin are dispersed small hard particles of the intermetaUic copper—tin, Cu Sn [12019-69-1] (13). 

Single-Phase Alloys. Copper—tin—zinc-lead alloys, tin bronzes, and the leaded tin bronzes have a narrow range of properties, namely,... 

Phosphor—bron2e alloys contain Cu, Sn or Cu, Sn, Pb, and have a residual phosphoms concentration of a few hundredths to 1%. Nickel can be added to refine the grain stmcture and is claimed to disperse the lead phase. Copper—tin bearings have high water resistance, high hardness, and moderately high strength. 

Properties of copper—tin—lead alloys are Hsted in Table 10. The members of the tin bronze alloy group are cast using the centrifugal, continuous, permanent, plaster, and sand molding methods. Leaded tin—bronze alloys have minimum tensile strengths of 234—248 MPa (34,000—36,000 psi) as cast in sand molds, whereas the minimum tensile strengths for high leaded tin—bronze alloys are 138—207 MPa (20,000—30,000). The values are based on measurement of test bars cast in sand molds. 

In most respects, copper-nickel and copper-tin alloys behave similarly to copper-zinc alloys. The presence of acids, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide degrades corrosion resistance. 

The copper-tin system (which includes bronzes) has four eutectoids (Fig. A1.39). One is obvious the other three take a little hunting for. Remember that, if the... 

Mercury is used in the manufacture of thermometers, barometers and switchgear, and in the production of amalgams with copper, tin, silver and gold, and of solders. A major use in the chemical industry is in the production of a host of mercury compounds and in mercury cells for the generation of chlorine. Mercury has a significant vapour pressure at ambient temperature and is a cumulative poison. 

Dimethylamine C E T Iron and steel Copper, tin, zinc, and their alloys... 

Trimethylamine C F T Iron, steel, stainless steel and Copper, tin, zinc and most of... 

Moist ammonia attacks copper, tin, zinc and their alloys. Ammonia is also flammable with flammability limits of 15-28%. 

Gunmetals are alloys of copper, tin and zinc, with or without lead, used in the cast condition. Commonly used alloys are (a) 10Sn-2Zn, and b) 5Sn-5Zn-5Pb. 

Copper/silver-plated copper Solder-dipped copp>er/tin-plated aluminium Copper/tin-plated copper Copper/solder-dipped copper Copper/reflowed tinned copper Silver-plated copper/tin-plated copper Silver-plated copper/solder-dipped copper Gold-plated copper/tin-plated copper Aluminium/tin-plated aluminium (zincate process)... 

Gold-plated copper/solder-dipped copper Tin-plated aluminium/nickel-plated copper Aluminium/solder-dipped aluminium... 

Aluminium/brass Aluminium/copper Tin-plated aluminium/copper Aluminium/nickel-plated copper Aluminium/nickel-plated brass Aluminium/silver-plated copper Tin-plated aluminium/silver-plated copper Aluminium/gold-plated copper Tin-plated aluminium/gold-plated copper... 

Copper-tin Although a wide range of copper-zinc alloy deposits can be plated, most experience has been gained with two compositions, i.e. the red copper-rich tin-bronze which contains 90-93% copper and 10-7% tin and the white speculum which contains 50-60% copper and 50-40% tin. 

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