Copper neutron activation analysis

Neutron activation analysis has been used [329] to determine total copper in seawater. 

After adjusting to 2 mol 1 1 in hydrochloric acid, 500 ml of the sample is adsorbed on a column of Dowex 1-XS resin (Cl form) and elution is then effected with 2 M nitric acid. The solution is evaporated to dryness after adding 1M hydrochloric acid, and the tin is again adsorbed on the same column. Tin is eluted with 2 M nitric acid, and determined in the eluate by the spectrophotometric catechol violet method. There is no interference from 0.1 mg of aluminium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, bismuth, or uranium any titanium, zirconium, or antimony are removed by ion exchange. Filtration of the sample through a Millipore filter does not affect the results, which are in agreement with those obtained by neutron activation analysis. 

Stiller et al. [824] have described the determination of cobalt, copper, and mercury in Dead Sea water by neutron activation analysis followed by X-ray spectrometry and magnetic deflection of /i-ray interference. 

Holzbecker and Ryan [825] determined these elements in seawater by neutron activation analysis after coprecipitation with lead phosphate. Lead phosphate gives no intense activities on irradiation, so it is a suitable matrix for trace metal determinations by neutron activation analysis. Precipitation of lead phosphate also brings down quantitatively the insoluble phosphates of silver (I), cadmium (II), chromium (III), copper (II), manganese (II), thorium (IV), uranium (VI), and zirconium (IV). Detection limits for each of these are given, and thorium and uranium determinations are described in detail. Gamma activity from 204Pb makes a useful internal standard to correct for geometry differences between samples, which for the lowest detection limits are counted close to the detector. 

Nixon277 compared atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame photometry, mass spectroscopy, and neutron activation analysis as methods for the determination of some 21 trace elements (<100 ppm) in hard dental tissue and dental plaque silver, aluminum, arsenic, gold, barium, chromium, copper, fluoride, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, rubidium, antimony, selenium, tin, strontium, vanadium, and zinc. Brunelle 278) also described procedures for the determination of about 20 elements in soil using a combination of atomic absorption spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis. 

Pavlish, L.A., Hancock, R.G.V. and Ross, B. (2004). Instrumental neutron activation analysis of copper-rich samples from the Bead Hill site, Ontario, Canada. Historical Metallurgy 38 106-112. 

Glascock, M.D., Spalding, T. G., Biers, J. C., and Corman, M.F. (1984). Analysis of copper-based metallic artefacts by prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis. Archaeometry 26 96-103. 

Kuleff, I. and Pernicka, E. (1995). Instrumental neutron activation analysis of native copper - some methodological considerations. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear... 

Moreau, J.-F. and Hancock, R. G. V. (1996). Chrono-cultural technique based on the instrumental neutron activation analysis of copper-based artifacts from the contact period of northeastern North America. In Archaeological Chemistry organic, inorganic and biochemical analysis, ed. Orna, M. V., ACS Symposium Series 625, Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, pp. 64-82. 

Copper. In the presence of sulfur dioxide, copper-protein cloudiness may develop in white wines. Only small amounts of copper (about 0.3 to 0.5 mg/liter) cause cloudiness. Widespread use of stainless steel in modern wineries has reduced copper pickup, but many wineries routinely test their wines for copper. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is the method of choice (51) although reducing sugars and ethanol interfere, and correction tables must be used (107). To reduce this interference, chelating and extracting with ketone is recommended (108). Lacking this equipment colorimetric procedures can be used, especially with di-ethyldithiocarbamate (3, 4, 6, 9,10, 22,109). Neutron activation analysis has been used for determining copper in musts (110). 

Until now, little attention has been given to the analysis of ancient copper alloys with LA-ICP-MS. This type of material is usually analyzed with fast or instrumental neutron activation analysis (FNAA or INAA), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma-atomic absorption spectrometry (ICP-AES or ICP-AAS). Some of these techniques are destructive and involve extensive sample preparation, some measure only surface compositions, and some require access to a cyclotron or a reactor. LA-ICP-MS is riot affected by any of these inconveniences. We propose here an analytical protocol for copper alloys using LA-ICP-MS and present its application to the study of Matisse bronze sculptures. 

Mesuere et al. [99] and Gerringa et al. [100] have reviewed methods for the determination of copper in soils. Residual copper(II) complexes have been determined in soil by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Fast neutron activation analysis has been studied [101] as a screening technique for copper and (zinc) in waste soils. Experiments were conducted in a sealed tube neutron generator and a germanium y-ray detector. 

The determination of copper is also discussed under Multi-Metal Analysis of Soils in Sect. 2.55 (atomic absorption spectrometry), Sect. 2.55 (emission spectrometry), Sect. 2.55 (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), Sect. 2.55 (photon activation analysis), Sect. 2.55 (neutron activation analysis), Sect. 2.55 (electron probe microanalysis) and Sect. 2.55 (differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry). 

Fast neutron activation analysis has been studied as a screening technique for zinc (and copper) in waste soils [247]. Experiments were conducted in a sealed tube neutron generator and a germanium X-ray detector. 

Gorski, L., W. Kusch, and J. Wojtkowska Fast Neutron Activation Analysis for Determination of Copper Content of Lower Silesian Copper Deposits. Talanta 11, 1135 (1964). 

Olehy DA, Schmitt RA, Bethard WF. 1966. Neutron activation analysis of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium in human erythrocytes and plasma. J Nucl Med 6 917-927. 

Dybczynski, R., Wasek, M., Maleszewska, H. A definitive method for the determination of small amounts of copper in biological materials by neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 130, 365-388 (1989)... 

Determination of Pellet Weight and of the Copper/Oxygen Ratio for Special Primers (from Ref 6) 14 MeV Neutron Activation Analysis (Weight in Grains)... 

Souliotis, A. G. Simultaneous routine determination of copper and zinc in plants by neutron-activation analysis. Analyst 94, 359 (1969)... 

Zhuang G, Wang Y, Zhi M, et al. 1989. Determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc in biological samples by radiochemical neutron-activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 129(2) 459-464. 

Molokhia, M. W., and Portnoy, B., Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in skin V copper and zinc in psoriasis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 83, 376-381 (1970). Montagna, W., Chase, H. B., and Hamilton, J. B., The distribution of glycogen and lipids in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 17, 147 (1951). 

To attempt to sort out some of these issues with sourcing native copper, Ron Hancock and colleagues at the SLOWPOKE nuclear reactor facility at the University of Toronto decided to use the multielement capability of neutron-activation analysis. They started with 43 samples from 19 collections of native copper and 23 samples of copper from archaeological contexts but which were believed to be reworked metal of European origin. Eive other samples of copper from artifacts from known contexts but of unknown source were also included. To maximize the possibility that the provenience postulate would be true, they included 27 elements in their analytical procedure and got useful data for 22 of them. They also analyzed 14 subsamples from the same specimen to assess within sample variation and three modem copper samples for comparison. 

A76. Nadkarni, R.A. and B.C. Haidar Neutron activation analysis of copper by substoichiometric extraction with neocuproine Anal. Chem. 44 (1972) 1504—1506. 

Versieck, J., Speecke, A., Hoste. J. and Barbier, F. (1973). Determination of manganese, copper and zinc in serum and packed blood cells by neutron activation analysis. Z. Klin. Chem. Biochem. 11,193. 

Dube, P. (1988). Automated direct determination of copper in urine and whole blood by Zeeman-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry. Atomic Spectrosc., 2, 55-58 Fell, G.S., Smith, H., Howie, R.A. (1968). Neutron activation analysis for copper in biological material applied to Wilson s disease, J. Clin. Path., 21, 8-11 Gonsior, B., and Roth, M. (1983) Trace element analysis by particle and photon-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy, Talanta, 385-400 Hartley, T.F. and Ellis, D.J. (1972). Combined electrolysis and atomic absorption for the determination of copper in biological materials, Proc. Soc. Anal. Chem., 2, 281 Herber, R.F.M., Pieters. H.J.. and Elgersma, J.W., (1982). A comparison of inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry and electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry in the determination of copper and zinc in serum, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 313.103-107... 

Holtta P, Rosenberg RJ (1986) Determination of the Elemental Composition of Copper and Bronze Objects by Neutron Activation Analysis, in Abstracts of papers accepted at the 7th Internal. Conf, Modem Trends in Activation Analysis, p. 781, Copenhagen, RISO Laboratory... 

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