Copper germanate

The substance is nickel, and legislators enacted the law because nickel is an allergen. The word nickel comes from the German for devil, because the metal interfered with the smelting of copper German miners in the 1700s called it Kupfemickely or copper devil. ... 

German Nickel, Satan or Old Nick s and from kupfernickel. Old Nick s copper) Cronstedt discovered nickel in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). 

The second ceUulosic fiber process to be commercialized was invented by L. H. Despeissis (4) in 1890 and involved the direct dissolution of cotton fiber in ammoniacal copper oxide Uquor. This solvent had been developed by M. E. Schweizer in 1857 (5). The cuprammonium solution of ceUulose was spun into water, with dilute sulfuric acid being used to neutralize the ammonia and precipitate the ceUulose fibers. H. Pauly and co-workers (6) improved on the Despeissis patent, and a German company, Vereinigte Glanstoff Eabriken, was formed to exploit the technology. In 1901, Dr. Thiele at J. P. Bemberg developed an improved stretch-spinning system, the descendants of which survive today. 

The first reported use of nickel [7440-02-0] Ni, was in a nickel—copper—2inc alloy produced in China in the Middle Ages and perhaps earlier. Alloys of nickel may have been used in prehistoric times. The metal was first isolated for analytical study in the mid-1700s by Axel Cronstedt, who named it nickel, which derives from the German word kupfemickel, or false copper. 

Copper and tin phosphides are used as deoxidants in the production of the respective metals, to increase the tensile strength and corrosion resistance in phosphor bronze [12767-50-9] and as components of brazing solders (see Solders and brazing alloys). Phosphor bronze is an alloy of copper and 1.25—11 wt % tin. As tin may be completely oxidized in a copper alloy in the form of stannic oxide, 0.03—0.35 wt % phosphoms is added to deoxidize the alloy. Phosphor copper [12643-19-5] is prepared by the addition of phosphoms to molten copper. Phosphor tin [66579-64-4] 2.5—3 wt % P, is made for the deoxidation of bronzes and German silver. 

Derived from the German word meaning devil s copper, nickel is found predominantly in two isotopic forms, Ni (68% natural abundance) and Ni (26%). Ni exists in four oxidation states, 0, I, II, III, and IV. Ni(II), which is the most common oxidation state, has an ionic radius of —65 pm in the four-coordinate state and —80 pm in the octahedral low-spin state. The Ni(II) aqua cation exhibits a pAa of 9.9. It forms tight complexes with histidine (log Af = 15.9) and, among the first-row transition metals, is second only to Cu(II) in its ability to complex with acidic amino acids (log K( = 6-7 (7). Although Ni(II) is most common, the paramagnetic Ni(I) and Ni(III) states are also attainable. Ni(I), a (P metal, can exist only in the S = state, whereas Ni(lll), a cT ion, can be either S = or S =. ... 

For the spectrophotometric method, the evolved carbon disulfide is reacted with copper acetate and diethylamine to form a yellow copper complex which can be measured at 435 nm." The recoveries range between 70 and 90%. Reproducibility of this method was improved by reducing the time and the mode of sample pretreatment. Since all alkylenebis(dithiocarbamates) decompose to carbon disulfide by acid degradation, the above analytical methods are not selective. The result is the measured total residues of all alkylenebis(dithiocarbamates) related products. However, this method is recommended as standard method S15 for alkylenebis(dithiocarbamates) by the German Research Association. ... 

Translated t-p. on page [2] reads "Rabbi Abraham Eleazar. A very ancient alchemical work, which was formerly written by the author, partly in Latin and Arabian, partly in Chaldee and the Syriac language and written afterwards by one who remains anonymous, translated in our German mother tongue, and with all the necessary copper plates, figures, vessels and ovens belonging... 

While clothing many a householder and setting many a table, Farben synthetics created a revolution in the older war industries. Germany had little copper. Farben replaced it with aluminum and magnesium magnesium, produced out of pure German materials, would make airplanes and some motorized vehicles. 

Nickel (Ni, [Ar]3 4s2), name after the German kupfernickel (—false copper). Discovered (1751) by the Swedish chemist Axel F. Cronstedt. 

Some positive steps were made in this direction through the use of niobium-based alloys. In 1973 the alloy Nb3Ge was found to have a Tc = 23 K, which remained the highest attainable critical temperature until 1986. In 1986 two IBM scientists in Zurich, the German, Johannes Georg Bednorz and the Swiss, Karl Alex Muller found that a ceramic oxide based on lanthanum, barium and copper (of stoichiometry... 

Nickel - the atomic number is 28 and the chemical symbol is Ni. The name derives from the German nickel for deceptive little spirit , since miners called mineral niccolite (NLAs) by the name kupfemickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. 

German for braking radiation , as it is emitted when the electrons are braked by the solid. The complete spectrum from a copper target as a function of accelerating voltage is shown in Figure 2.2. It is clear that the characteristic radiation is far more intense than the continuous, and it is used almost exclusively in high resolution diffractometiy. 

In 1751 Baron Axel Fredrick Cronstedt (1722-1765) used some of the techniques he had learned from his teacher, Georg Brandt (1694—1768), to separate a new metal from copper-hke ore mined in Sweden. He expected to obtain pure copper instead, he ended up with a silver-white metal that did not have the chemical and physical properties of copper. He named this newly identified metal nickel, shortened from the German name the early miners had given the ore kupfernickel. ... 

Many people are fooled when they buy Mexican or German silver jewelry, thinking they are purchasing a semiprecious metal. These forms of silver jewelry go under many names, including Mexican silver, German silver, Afghan silver, Austrian silver, Brazilian silver, Nevada silver, Sonara silver, Tyrol silver, Venetian silver, or just the name silver with quotes around it. None of these jewelry items, under these names or under any other names, contain any silver. These metals are alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc. 

Nickel has properties like cobalt s, and it was also used to color glass, coloring it green rather than blue. The name nickel is derived from German copper miners name for nickel ore, kupfernickel ( Old Nick s copper ). Copper ore and nickel ore look very much alike, and the miners believed that the nickel ore had been planted in mines by the devil to deceive them. 

Nickel was isolated first and recognized as an element by Cronstedt in 1751. The metal was derived in pure form by Richter in 1804. The metal takes its name from two German words Nickef and kupfemickef, which mean Old Nick s (or Satan) and Old Nick s copper, respectively. 

According to Ludwig Darmstaedter, the German copper deposits in the Harz were worked as early as the year 968 A.D. In 1450 Nessler, a metallurgist of Joachimsthal, showed that siliceous ores could be worked by roasting them, leaching out the copper vitriol with water, and depositing the copper from this solution on iron (158). 

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