Muller, Alex

Some positive steps were made in this direction through the use of niobium-based alloys. In 1973 the alloy Nb3Ge was found to have a Tc = 23 K, which remained the highest attainable critical temperature until 1986. In 1986 two IBM scientists in Zurich, the German, Johannes Georg Bednorz and the Swiss, Karl Alex Muller found that a ceramic oxide based on lanthanum, barium and copper (of stoichiometry... 

Muller, Wolfgang, Henry Fricke, Alex N. Halliday, Malcolm T. McCulloch, and Jo-Anne Wartho. Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman. Science 302 (October 31,2003) 862-866. The researchers performed isotope measurements of Otzi s teeth and bones and compared these values with surroimding soils, rocks, and streams. 

K. Alex Muller and J. Georg Bednorz, "The Discovery Of A Class Of High-temperature Superconductors , Science, 237 1133-1139 (1987). 

Since 1911, scientists have been searching for materials that superconduct at higher temperatures, and more than 6000 superconductors are now known. Until 1986, however, the record value of Tc was only 23.2 K (for the compound Nb3Ge). The situation changed dramatically in 1986 when K. Alex Muller and J. Georg Bednorz of the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory reported a Tc of 35 K for the non-stoichiometric barium lanthanum copper oxide BavLa2-.vCu04, where x has a... 

Until 1986 many experiments were carried out using metals and alloys. However, in 1986 Georg Bednorz and Alex Muller, two researchers of the IBM laboratory in Ruschlikon near Zurich, published an article in the Zeitschrift fur Physik in which they announced that they had made a superconducting ceramic material. It turned out to be a compound made of barium, copper, lanthanum and oxygen, which became superconducting at 35 K. They were awarded the Nobel prize for this discovery. After this, superconductors developed rapidly, at least as far as critical temperature is concerned. 

I wish to thank Alex Muller for having set me on the study of symmetry properties of high- Tc superconductors and for his continuous interest in the developments described here. This work was performed in part under D.O.E. Contract No. DE-FG-02-91 ER40608. 

This book is a collection of the papers presented at the workshop on Symmetry and Heterogeneity in High Tc Superconductors directed by Antonio Bianconi and Alexander F. Andreev in collaboration with K. Alex Muller and Giorgio Benedek. Philip B. Allen, Neil W. Ashcroft, Alan R. Bishop, J. C. Seamus Davis, Takeshi Egami, Francesco Iachello, David Pines, Shin-ichi Uchida, Subodh R. Shenoy, chaired hot sessione contributing to the success of the workshop. 

In 1986, IBM researchers K. Alex Muller and Georg Bednorz paved the path to superconductivity at slightly higher temperatures using a ceramic alloy as a medium. Shortly thereafter, a team led by University of Houston physicist Paul Chu created a ceramic capable of superconductivity at temperatures high enough to encourage true commercialization. 

Johannes Georg Bednorz (1950- ). 23 Karl Alex Muller (1927- ). 

IBM researchers Alex Muller and Georg Bednorz make a ceramic compound of lanthanum, barium, copper, and oxygen that superconducts at 35° K. 

THE BREAKTHROUGH TEAM. IBM s Georg Bednorz and Alex Muller in their Zurich Laboratory. (Photo courtesy IBM Corporation Research Division.)... 

Muller, K. Alex, and Bednorz, J. Georg (1987). The Discovery of a Class of High-Temperamre Superconductors. Science 237 1,133-1,139. 

J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Muller 1933 Erwin Schrodinger, Paul A.M. Dirac... 

In January 1986, K. Alex Muller and J. Georg Bednorz, scientists at an IBM laboratory in Switzerland, discovered that a barium—Ianthanum-liquid helium. This discovery provoked a flurry of activity that quickly resulted in a substance that became superconducting at 90 K. LaBa2CujO was then... 

The first non-metallic superconductor was found in 1964. In 1986, George Bednorz and Alex Muller of IBM, Switzerland discovered that certain copper oxide materials become superconducting at 30K. Similar materials with high T values were reported soon after. The compound is a mixed oxide with a formula La(2-x) (4-y) where x is 0.15 - 0.20 and y is a very small quantity. This compound... 

In 1986, Alex Muller and Georg Bednortz at IBM in Switzerland reported superconductivity at -240°C in a ceramic material. An explosive development started and the two scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in the following year. Gradually the composition of the ceramic has been modified, increasing the temperature for superconductivity above the boiling point of nitrogen. 

For a review on metal-catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition reactions with formation of quaternary stereocentres, see C. Hawner and A. Alex-akis, Chem. Commun., 2010, 46, 7295-7306 for a review on rhodium and copper-catalysed asymmetric conjugate additions of alkenyl nucleophiles, see D. Muller and A. Alexakis, Chem. Commun., 2012,48,12037-12049. 

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