Copper vitriol

According to Ludwig Darmstaedter, the German copper deposits in the Harz were worked as early as the year 968 A.D. In 1450 Nessler, a metallurgist of Joachimsthal, showed that siliceous ores could be worked by roasting them, leaching out the copper vitriol with water, and depositing the copper from this solution on iron (158). 

Strabo of Amasia, Asia Minor (66 B.C.-24 A.D.), said in his geography that only the Cyprian ore contained the cadmian stone, copper vitriol, and tutty, that is to say, die constituents from which brass can be made (90). He also mentioned a stone in die neighbourhood of Andeira which, when burned, becomes iron, and then, when heated in a furnace witii a certain earth, distils mocksilver [zinc] and this, with the addition of copper, makes the mixture, as it is called, which by some is called mountain-copper [orichalcum, or brass] (91). 

Preparation of Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate (Copper Vitriol). Pour 20-30 ml of water into a 100-ml beaker, and transfer into it the mixture remaining in a Wurtz flask after the reaction of copper with... 

Transfer a drop of the hot solution onto a slide, cover it with a cover glass, and examine the crystals under a microscope. Filter off the crystals formed in the bowl on a Buchner funnel, wash them with a small amount of ice water, transfer them onto a glass plate and dry them in the air at room temperature. Put a little of the salt in a crucible and heat it first slightly, and then strongly. What do you observe Explain the change in colour when copper vitriol is dehydrated. Write the equations of the reactions. 

Preparation of Copper(I) Oxide. Dissolve 2.5 g of copper vitriol (copper sulphate pentahydrate) in 15 ml of warm water and add 1.5 g of glucose. Heat the solution and rapidly add 2.5 ml of a 20% sodium hydroxide solution to it. Stir the mixture and let it stand for an hour. Wash the precipitate with distilled water. Write the equations of the reactions. 

The crystalline hydrates are generally speaking vitriols of the composition M(II)S04 7 H2O. Like the stable manganese vitriol, copper vitriol crystallises with 5 molecules of water of crystallisation per metal ion. Mixed colors can appear if ammonium metavanadate is used as the starting material in test tube 1 because of the presence of several oxidation states of vanadium. 

A basic guideline in a choice of corrosion environments during the test of RubCon specimens was their wide spreading into industrial production. Such environments were water, 30% and 70% solutions of sulfuric acid, 5% solutions of phosphoric and acetic acids, 3% solution of nitric acid, 3% and 30% solutions of hydrochloric acid, 10% solutions of lactic and lemon acids, caustic soda and caustic potash, diesel fuel, acetone, 25% water solution of ammonia, 30% solution of copper vitriol, and a saturated solution of sodium chloride. Chemical resistance of RubCon was estimated on test specimens measuring 4 x 4 x 16 cm [21-23],... 

In order to solve the equation for electric potential (5.94) and the diffusion equation (5.93), it is necessary to specify initial and boundary conditions. Usually the electrolyte is located in the region confined by the electrodes, which are metal plates (one example is copper plate electrodes immersed in a solution of copper vitriol). 

As an example, consider an electrolytic cell (Fig. 7.1) consisting of copper electrodes spaced by a layer of electrolyte - water solution of copper vitriol [3, 4]. 

The solution of copper vitriol contains Cu + and 864 ions. When a potential difference is applied to the solution, the motion of cations Cu + to the cathode and of anions S04 to the anode produces an electric current. At the anode, dissolution of copper takes place. This process can be written as a chemical reaction of the kind... 

From (i) and (2), if the electric difference between zinc and copper is represented by the number 4-17, then the difference between zinc and zinc vitriol is 5 21 and that between copper and copper vitriol is 0 70, But 5 21 0 70 =4 51, and Fobs. =4-51. 

We will study the eighteenth-century tables of chemical affinity and their historical context in more detail in part II. At this point we wish to further illuminate the distinctive type of experiments they referred to, and the systematization to which these experiments lent themselves. The core of eighteenth-century affinity tables was built by the salts, acids, alkalis, earths, metals, and alloys. Under largely the same physical conditions, especially at ordinary temperatures, salts, acids, alkalis, earths, metals, and alloys displayed a stable, reproducible pattern of chemical transformation. For example, when a salt, such as copper vitriol, common salt, or saltpeter, was mixed with certain ingredients and heated, it yielded a mineral acid. When the mineral acid obtained in this way was again mixed with calcareous earth, or another salifiable base, the original salt could be restored. Such kinds of reversible chemical transfor-... 

Antimony (Antimony sulfide) Butter of antimony, Oleum antimonii (Antimony(III) chloride) Copper Mtriol of copper (Coi r nitrate) Copper Vitriol of copper (C( per(II) sidfate)... 

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