Copper false

The first reported use of nickel [7440-02-0] Ni, was in a nickel—copper—2inc alloy produced in China in the Middle Ages and perhaps earlier. Alloys of nickel may have been used in prehistoric times. The metal was first isolated for analytical study in the mid-1700s by Axel Cronstedt, who named it nickel, which derives from the German word kupfemickel, or false copper. 

Acid cleaners based on sulfamic acid are used in a large variety of appHcations, eg, air-conditioning systems marine equipment, including salt water stills wells (water, oil, and gas) household equipment, eg, copper-ware, steam irons, humidifiers, dishwashers, toilet bowls, and brick and other masonry tartar removal of false teeth (50) dairy equipment, eg, pasteurizers, evaporators, preheaters, and storage tanks industrial boilers, condensers, heat exchangers, and preheaters food-processing equipment brewery equipment (see Beer) sugar evaporators and paper-mill equipment (see also Evaporation Metal surface treati nts Pulp). 

Another procedure which has adequate sensitivity for determining the glucose in 1 microliter of serum of filtrate, is the method which uses copper reduction, and subsequently determination of the cuprous ion with a suitable reagent (15) However, one must be careful that one has obtained complete precipitation, for, if uric acid or any other impurities remain, false high values will be obtained. This would result in disaster for the hypoglycemic infant. To uncover this condition is often one of the major reasons for doing this test. 

Red blood cells also contain sufficient acid phenylphospha-tase for mild hemolysis to cause false elevations. Therefore, inhibitors such as ethanol, formaldehyde, copper sulfate> and 1-tartrate have been used to inhibit selectively the enzyme of one or more tissues and enhance the specificity of the test (101). Ethanol is unsuitable because it inhibits the enzyme from erythrocytes and prostate simultaneously, and because it yields serum activities which correlate poorly with prostatic disease. Formaldehyde inhibits the erythrocytic enzyme and has been said to yield clinically satisfactory results. The copoper resistant acid phosphatase of serum is elevated by metastatic carcinoma of the breast, as well as by other metastatic cancers, and is also elevated by a wide variety of non-cancerous diseases. 

Drugs can also Interfere with laboratory results by negating certain nonspecific oxidation and reduction reactions essential for the chemical assay. Penicillin, streptomycin and ascorbic acid are known to react with cupric Ion thus, false positive results for glucose may occur If a copper reduction method Is used. If the specific enzymatic glucose-oxidase method Is employed, ascorbic acid can cause a false negative result by preventing the oxidation of a specific chromogen In the reaction. 

Nickel (Ni, [Ar]3 4s2), name after the German kupfernickel (—false copper). Discovered (1751) by the Swedish chemist Axel F. Cronstedt. 

Reasons are suggested why the latter behavior is correct and importantly, the original material could be shown to contain a slower reacting component which gives false data at higher Nj concentrations. The D mechanism remains a possibility however. Traces of impurities in a solution of Fe(CN)jH20 have led to false conclusions as to the of the coordinated water. The photolytic behavior of aqueous Fe(CN) depends on its history. Copper(II) ion is a potent catalyst even in micromolar concentrations for a number of reactions of Fe(CN) ion.- ... 

Nickel - the atomic number is 28 and the chemical symbol is Ni. The name derives from the German nickel for deceptive little spirit , since miners called mineral niccolite (NLAs) by the name kupfemickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. 

Salicylates in moderate to large (anti-inflammatory) doses cause false-negative readings for urine glucose by the glucose oxidase method and false-positive readings by the copper reduction method. 

Formerly the glue pieces, having been cleansed as above described, wore thrown, loose into the caldron, which was of copper, rather shallow in proportion to its area, and flat-bottomed. Abo ye the true bottom there was a false one of copper or iron, perforated with numerous hales, and standing upon feet three or four inches high, the animal matters being thus upheld from contact with the fire. 

In whatsoever manner it is found written in books differently is the fault of the writer or translator or a mystification. For sometimes it is found that bronze (aes), is compared to Mars, but this is false. For bronze is nothing but copper colored by the powder of calamina, and similarly brass (aurichalcum) and electrum are made from copper and the same powder or the powder of tucia, as I have stated in the Second Book (Opus Minus). 

And of the last two oarsmen in the bow, let the one be the siphonator, and the other to cast the anchor into the sea.. .. In any case, let him have in the bow the siphon covered with copper, as usual, by means of which he shall shoot the prepared fire upon the enemy. And above such siphon (let there be) a false bottom of planks also surrounded by boards, in which the warriors shall stand to meet the oncoming foes.. .. On occasion [let there be] formations immediately to the front [without maneuvers] so, whenever there is need, to fall upon the enemy at the bow and set fire to the ships by means of the fire of the siphons.. . . Many very suitable contrivances were invented by the ancients and moderns, with regard to both the enemy s ships and the warriors on them—such as at that time the prepared fire which is ejected (thrown) by means of siphons with a roar and a lurid (burning) smoke and filling them [the ships] with smoke.. . . They shall use also the other method of small siphons thrown (i.e., directed) by hand from behind iron shields and held [by the soldiers], which are called hand siphons and have been recently manufactured by oar state. For these can also throw (shoot) the prepared fire into the faces of the enemy.8... 

By contrast, ascorbate gives a positive result when urine is tested with alkaline copper reagents for reducing compounds, and a result that can falsely be interpreted as indicating glucosuria. 

As soon as chemical substances of plant or mineral origin became the objects of commerce, the need for what we nowadays think of as quality control became evident, for the realities of human nature soon ensured that problems of adulteration, false weights, and even plain deception had to be taken into account. Thus, Phny (23 79 ad) recorded that the adulteration of copper sulfate by iron sulfate could be detected by testing a solution with a strip of papyrus soaked in gall-nuts, which blackened if iron was present. 

Chemat et al. [14] found the ]oint use of US and microwaves for the treatment of edible oils for the determination of copper to shorten the time taken by this step to about a half that was required in the classical procedure (heating in a Buchi digester) or with microwave assistance, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. However, they did not state the specific medium where the microwave-US-assisted method was implemented and assumed US to have mechanical effects only, even though they mentioned a cavitational effect. This is a very common mistake in working with US that is clarified in an extensive discussion by Chanon and Luche [15] of the division of sonochemistry applications into reactions which were the result of true and false effects. Essentially, these terms refer to real chemical effects induced by cavitation and those effects that can be ascribed to the mechanical impact of bubble collapse. The presence of one of these phenomena only has not been demonstrated in the work of Chemat et al. [14] — despite the illustrative figure in their article — so their ascribing the results to purely mechanical effects of US was unwarranted. 

Chalcosmaragdus — From Cyprian Copper Veins. There are also false specimens. Sometimes we find a Stone which is half Emerald and half jasper. It is in course of transformation. Emeralds... 

Many samples have redox potentials such fiiat fiiey can be oxidized by iodine. Therefore, file iodine in file titrant may be consumed by readily oxidizable samples fiiat will give a false high value for file water content. Some common substances fiiat can be oxidized by iodine are ascorbic acid, arsenite (As02 ), arsenate (As04 ), boric acid, tetraborate (3407 ), carbonate (COs ), disulfite (8205 ), iron(ll) salts, hydrazine derivatives, hydroxides (OH ), bicarbonates (HCOs"), copper(l) salts, mercaptans (RSH), nitrite (N02 ), some metal oxides, peroxides, selenite (SeOs "), silanols (RsSiOH), sulfite (SOs ), tellurite (TeOs ), fiiiosulfate (8203 ), and tin(ll) salts. For situations such as fiiese where file material under analysis reacts wifii iodine, an oven can be used to liberate fiie moisture from file sample, which is fiieii carried into file reaction vessel and titrated wifiiout interference. 

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