Conversion of natural gas

Indirect Hquefaction of coal and conversion of natural gas to synthetic Hquid fuels is defined by technology that involves an intermediate step to generate synthesis gas, CO +. The main reactions involved in the generation of synthesis gas are the coal gasification m2LC ions Combustion... 

Direct conversion of natural gas to Hquids has been actively researched. Process economics are highly variable and it is unclear whether direct natural gas conversion technologies are competitive with the estabUshed indirect processes. Some emerging technologies in this area are presented herein. 

Primely and Secondary Reforming . The conversion of natural gas to synthesis gas in the reforming operation is represented by steam reforming ... 

See also Biofuels Capital Investment Decisions Climatic Effects Natural Gas, Consumption of Natural Gas, Processing and Conversion of Natural Gas, Transportation, Distribution, and Storage of... 

Figure 7. Exxon s AGC-21 process for conversion of natural gas into liquid hydrocarbons. (From Eidt et al., 1994.)...

Sie, S. T., Senden, M. M. G., andVanWechem, H. M. W. 1991. Conversion of natural gas to transportation fuels via the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis process (SMDS). Catal. Today 8 371-94. 

Gas-to-liquids (GTL) is the chemical conversion of natural gas into petroleum products. Gas-to-liquid plants use Fischer-Tropsch technology, which first converts natural gas into a synthesis gas, which is then fed into the Fischer-Tropsch reactor in the presence of a catalyst, producing a paraffin wax that is hydro-cracked to products (see also Chapter 7). Distillate is the primary product, ranging from 50% to 70% of the total yield. 

Stationary hydrogen demand has not been considered. Stationary fuel cells are not necessarily a market for hydrogen, because natural gas from the gas mains can easily be used directly a conversion of natural gas or biogas to hydrogen would only reduce the overall efficiency (see Chapter 13). 

Methanol can be produced from biomass, essentially any primary energy somce. Thus, the choice of fuel in the transportation sector is to some extent determined by the availability of biomass. As regards to the difference between hydrogen and methanol production costs, conversion of natural gas, biomass and coal into hydrogen is generally more energy efficient and less expensive than the conversion into methanol. 

The publicly-funded fuel cell research program started in 1985, with the main activities performed at the Energy research Centre ofthe Netherlands (ECN). Between 1985 and 2001, about 100 million was invested by mixed public-private funds in the development of fuel cell and hydrogen energy. The objectives ofthe Dutch fuel cell programs were initially oriented to the application of coal gas in MCFC based systems. The MCFC activities were terminated in 2001, after an evaluation failed to indicate its commercial viability with natural gas. Afterwards, the activities shifted to SOFC and PEM technology for high efficient conversion of natural gas in small-scale decentralised units. 

The only chemical change is the conversion of natural gas to carbon dioxide and water vapor. There are two physical changes—condensation of the water vapor created in the methane combustion and evaporation of this water once the pot gets sufficiently hot. (Of course, the evaporation of the water in the pot is another physical change.)... 

Conversion of natural gas (or other petroleum components) at the source to methanol, shipment as methanol, and reconversion of methanol into pipeline gas at point of use—versus the concept of liquefying natural gas and shipping LNG for regasification at point of use—probably will be a problem of some controversy for a number of years, pending assessment of actual system operating costs for both systems on a large-scale. See also Natural Gas. 

In order to overcome unfavorable thermodynamics, hydrogen must be oxidatively removed (either by superacid or added oxidant). Considering the abundance of methane in nature, the conversion of natural gas into branched liquid hydrocarbons in the gasoline range is of immense interest. 

Compared with the common high-temperature conversion of natural gas and further carbon oxide conversion on a catalyst [131], the current process promotes process simplification the reaction is implemented at relatively low temperature (860-900 °C instead of 1400-1600 °C for existing non-catalytic processes of methane conversion) and an additional unit for catalytic conversion of carbon oxide is excluded (in NH3 production). 

TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF REALIZATION OF STEAM CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF NATURAL GAS WITH A METHANE-WATER PROPORTION CLOSE TO STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO... 

Figure 4. Device of alternation inhibitory and catalytic nozzles in a separate pipe of the tubular furnace of conversion of natural gas.

Mostinskij I.L., Igumnov V.S., Vizel J.M., Zyryanov S.I. Catalytic conversion of natural gas in tubular furnaces at the attitude an oxidizer/methane close to stoichiometric (H20 (C02)/CH4 <1,5). Atomic-hydrogen power, collection clauses. N°8.-.1988. 

Igumnov V.S., Technical and technological methods of realization steam, catalytic conversion of natural gas with water the ferry. Conference ICHMS 2005, Sevastopol. 

Currently, hydrogen is produced industrially from natural gas using a steam reforming process. A similar process can be used for onboard conversion of natural gas or higher... 

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