Efficiency conversion

The conversion efficiency depends on the converter design, catalyst loading, type of catalyst, timely replacement of inactive catalysts and condition of heat exchangers, operation of absorption system, etc. The snlfur consumption norms per metric tonne of acid prodnced for different designs of the sulfuric acid plant are as follows  

---

If an intensifier, such as the 85 mm presented here, is now replacing the screen, a relative gain of the order of x50 is obtained which results in a conversion factor of 1 to 7.5 (1 incident X photon --> 7.5 electrons). This conversion efficiency not only resolves the quantum sink problem but also increases the light level significantly to compensate for the low gamma fluxes obtained from radioactive sources. 

The scattered radiation V3 is to high wavenumber of Vj (i.e. on the anti-Stokes side) and is coherent, unlike spontaneous Raman scattering hence the name CARS. As a consequence of the coherence of the scattering and the very high conversion efficiency to V3, the CARS radiation forms a collimated, laser-like beam. 

Prices of spandex fibers are highly dependent on thread size selling price generally increases as fiber tex decreases. Factors that contribute to the relatively high cost of spandex fibers include (/) the relatively high cost of raw materials, (2) the small size of the spandex market compared to that of hard fibers which limits scale and thus efficiency of production units, and (J) the technical problems associated with stretch fibers that limit productivity rates and conversion efficiencies. 

It is used as a fluorinating reagent in semiconductor doping, to synthesi2e some hexafluoroarsenate compounds, and in the manufacture of graphite intercalated compounds (10) (see Semiconductors). AsF has been used to achieve >8% total area simulated air-mass 1 power conversion efficiencies in Si p-n junction solar cells (11) (see Solarenergy). It is commercially produced, but usage is estimated to be less than 100 kg/yr. 

Gross heating value of biomass or methane. Conversion of biomass or methane to another biofuel requires that the process conversion efficiency be used to reduce the potential energy available. These figures do not include additional biomass from dedicated energy plantations. 

For the total integrated biomass production—conversion system, the arithmetic product of the efficiencies of biomass production and conversion is the efficiency of the overall system. An overall conversion efficiency near 45% would thus be produced by integrating the biomass plantation illustrated in Table 30 with a conversion process that operated at an overall efficiency of 50%. Every operation in the series is thus equally important. 

Germane is used, along with silane, SiH, to make amorphous or crystalline siUcon solar cells having an extended solar energy absorption range to increase conversion efficiency. 

Twice-daily sc injection of 10 or 20 p.g human GRF (hGRF)(l-44)NH2/kg BW for 36 days in barrows weighing 78 kg improved feed conversion efficiency and lean content of the ham (102). However, treatment with hGRF was less effective than pST injection of 20 or 40 Fg/kg BW at the same frequency (103). 

The addition of potassium carbonate or chloride to the fusion mix reduces the loss of volatile siUcon tetrafluoride, improving the conversion efficiency. 

Eig. 2. Efficiency to a primary intermediate as % of maximum (zero conversion) efficiency x axis is feed conversion. Parameters are oxidation rate-constant ratios ( 2 / i) for primary intermediate vs feed and reactor type A, plug-flow or batch B, back-mixed. 

When the temperature of a solar cell rises, cell conversion efficiency decreases because the additional thermal energy increases the thermally generated minority (dark-drift) current. This increase in dark-drift current is balanced in the cell by lowering the built-in barrier potential, lU, to boost the majority diffusion current. The drop in F causes a decrease in and F. Therefore, a cell s output, ie, the product of F and decreases with increasing cell temperature. is less sensitive to temperature changes than F and actually increases with temperature. 

Designing tandem cells is complex. For example, each cell must transmit efficiently the insufficiently energetic photons so that the contacts on the backs of the upper cells are transparent to these photons and therefore caimot be made of the usual bulk metal layers. Unless the cells in a stack can be fabricated monolithically, ie, together on the same substrate, different external load circuits must be provided for each cell. The thicknesses and band gaps of individual cells in the stack must be adjusted so that the photocurrents in all cells are equal. Such an optimal adjustment is especially difficult because the power in different parts of the solar spectmm varies under ambient conditions. Despite these difficulties, there is potential for improvement in cell conversion efficiency from tandem cells. 

---