Conversion energy efficiency value

In photosynthesis, absorbed solar radiation is captured as chemical energy. In this spontaneous natural conversion of absorbed solar radiation, the solar energy efficiency ranges from 0.8% for land plants to 6.6% for sea plants. In laboratory experiments efficiencies above 30% have been observed. Table 17.1 summarizes the results of solar energy conversion, as discussed in this chapter and where the value for wind energy creation is given as reported in [14]. 

In this evaluation the energy balance considers the requirements for removing water from the hydrated species shown in reaction 6. The pinch analysis (not shown) shows that 135 kcal of extra heat is needed to maintain a 1()°C driving force because the heat from the CuO reaction (reaction 5) is not recoverable. In addition, the complete removal of water from the product of reaction 6 causes the maximum temperature for complete conversion of the anhydrous CUSO4 (reaction 7) to shift from 1 100°C to 1 200°C. The energy efficiency in this case is 30.7% (LHV). This calculation is not shown in detail. Our value agrees reasonably well with a value of 30.9% (LHV) from a preliminary and unoptimised flowsheet analysis by Carty et al. [1,6]. 

Primary energy usage the amount of primary energy inputs consumed, either per mass unit of product or per unit value added electricity and steam must be converted into primary energy equivalent values, taking into consideration the efficiency of the conversion. 

Fossil fuel is used for the high heating values to assess the input power and the energy efficiency. Electric power inputs are considered conventional as primary energy conversion, the factor 2.5 (1 kWhe = 2.5 kWhprim). Usually for central heating boiler systems (all gas- and... 

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