Controls hierarchy, safety

Facihties and administrative costs (F A), in technology transfer, 24 376-377 Facihties design, safety of, 21 846-852 Facihties operation, safe, 21 853—854 Facihfy control hierarchy, 20 673—676 Facility erection, nondestructive evaluation during, 17 414 Facility-siting checklist, 19 532—535t FAC scale, 10 827... 

Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture (PERA) for, 1769-1772 control hierarchy in, 1769-1771 equipment organization in, 1771-1772 safety features on, 1178 span of, 1264... 

Behavior-based safety places responsibilities on workers for which they may not be qualified. Although worker involvement is important, it has limitations and is not a substitute for technically competent health and safety experts reviewing both existing and future operations to insure that hazards are identified and controlled. Few workers have been trained in hazard identification, risk evaluation or methods of control (hierarchy) [p. 17]. 

Annex G provides a pictorial and verbal display of the Hierarchy of Controls listed in Section 5.1.1 with application examples for each element. In Chapter 12, Hierarchy of Controls The Safety Decision Hierarchy, the state-of-the-art is moved forward through extensions that this author believes are now necessary in the first step within the hierarchy Elimination. Also, the hierarchy is enveloped within a sound problem-solving technique. The chapter includes a section titled The Logic of Taking Action in an Order of Effectiveness. ... 

Manuele, Fred A. Risk Assessment and Hierarchies of Control. Professional Safety, May 2005. 

Develop Remediation Proposals. When the results of the risk assessment indicate that risk elimination or reduction measures are to be taken, alternate proposals for the design and operational changes necessary to achieve an acceptable risk level would be recommended. In their order of effectiveness, the actions as shown in Chapter 12, Hierarchy of Controls The Safety Decision Hierarchy, would be the basis on which remedial proposals are made. For each proposal, the remediation cost would be determined and an estimate of its effectiveness in achieving risk reduction given. Risk elimination or reduction methods would then be selected and implemented. 

In that text, the discussion of each step is extensive. Comments will be made here on the first two only. The remaining steps are addressed in Chapter 12, Hierarchy of Controls The Safety Decision Hierarchy. For Step 1,—Identify the hazards—the hazard analysis and risk assessment methodologies are as shown in Table 2. 

The Department of Defense s Standard Practice for System Safety, MIL-STD-882, was originally issued in 1969. It was a seminal document at that time, and three revisions of it have been issued over the span of 31 years. This standard has had considerable influence on the development of risk assessment, risk elimination, and risk control concepts and methods. Much of the wording on risk assessments and hierarchies of control in safety standards and guidelines issued throughout the world is comparable to that in the various versions of MIL-STD-882. 

Chapter 12, Hierarchy of Controls The Safety Decision Hierarchy, Section 5.1.1... 

The Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute is the secretariat for the standard Safety Requirements for Packaging and Packaging-Related Converting Machinery. A revision of B 155.1 was approved by ANSI in July 2006 it replaced the version issued in 2000. In part, this is the guidance given on the use of the The Hazard Control Hierarchy, a five-step process ... 

Much was made in Chapter 12, Hierarchy of Controls The Safety Decision Hierarchy, of the need to design work methods so that they were not error-provocative or overly stressful. Safety design reviews should not be Umited to the facility, equipment, and processes, that is—the hardware. They should also limit the hazards and risks in the work methods prescribed, taking into consideration the capabilities and limitations of the workers so that the risks of injury and damage are at a practicable minimum. 

Dr. William Haddon espoused the theory that unwanted transfers of energy can be harmful (and wastefiil) and that a systematic approach to Umiting their possibility should be taken. Thus, it is proposed that a systematic approach be taken in the design process to limit harmful transfers of energy and exposures to harmful environments. Excerpts from On the Escape of Tigers, one of Haddon s papers in which the energy release theory is presented, appear in Chapter 12, Hierarchy of Controls The Safety Decision Hierarchy. ... 

E. Established hazard control hierarchies (e.g. personnel safety, pollution prevention)... 

The sequential control logic required at each level of a control hierarchy in batch plants is still largely derived manually, perhaps with the aid of some structured approach. This is a time consuming and error prone activity in which safety issues are difficult to treat formally and efficiently. To overcome these problems, Alsop et al [21] and Sanchez and Machietto [22] proposed a formal method for computer aided synthesis of sequential control logic for processes modelled as state-transition systems such as the co-ordination control of batch processes. 

The management of risk is a strategic approach to health and safety that organisations must adopt in order to control the hazards that employees, contractors, community residents and others are exposed to. It requires more than just a focus on the hazard itself. The control of hazards requires organisational and administrative processes in order to be effective. Those processes need to be in place to influence the behaviours of directors, managers, supervisors and employees so that harm does not occur. They should also be bound together by a policy and their effectiveness established by measurement, review and audit. A structure to accommodate these processes is necessary if the risks from hazards are to be controlled. Its success is demonstrated when the hazard has been eliminated. Elimination is the first step in the risk control hierarchy. 

Personal protection is the final option in the risk control hierarchy. This requires the issue to the exposed employee of equipment that will protect him only and may consist of a facemask, eye protection, safety shoes, bad weather clothing, etc. It must be seen as a last option after all the other options have been investigated and proved not feasible. The employee must be told of the hazards faced, be trained in the control measure in place and in the proper use of the equipment. Qiecks should be carried out periodically to ensure there is compliance with the rules associated with the use of protective equipment. The purchase of PPE may be a cheap option, but the infrastructure necessary to ensure that it is properly used and maintained may be onerous. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CEXZ). 2010. Workplace Safety Health Topics, Engineering Controls, Hierarchy of Controls. www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/engcontrols. Accessed March 18,2014. 

On this main line railway, the separation of the roles of infrastructure controller, train operator, and station operator, and the possibility of open access to the network for near operators, have the potential to raise doubt as to which railway management is responsible for each aspect of the safe operation of the railway. The respective safety cases should make this clear, and the hierarchy of safety case acceptance, with trmn and station operator safety cases being accepted by the infi-astructure controUer, and the infrastructure controller s safety case being accepted by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), ensures a clear understanding of each party s respective safety responsibilities. 

Figure 7.3 Overview of the Hierarchy of Controls. Based on and adapted using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hierarchy of Controls, Workplace Safety and Health Topics.

Although these are all used across Europe, the hierarchy of these has altered slightly due to the influences of environmental legislation. For example, Chloro-isothiazolone has been identified as a skin sensitiser and hence therefore lost its number one position as a controlling agent. New actives such as the Octyl - isothiazolone have recently been introduced as a more stable molecule where it is hoped that lower levels can be used reducing environmental and human safety aspects. 

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