Price controls options

Price controls are another important option for government intervention to adjust price levels with the intention of maximizing affordability or minimizing overall drug expenditures. Table 2 shows that this is a very commonly used option throughout the world [16]. 

Oliveira, P., Almeida, E., 2015. Determinants of fuel price control in Brazil and price policy options. In 5th Latin American Energy Economics Meeting, 2015. 

In the definition phase options are narrowed down and a preferred solution is proposed. The project becomes better defined in terms of what should be built and how it should be operated, and an assessment of how the project may be affected by changes beyond the control of the company (for example the oil price) should be made. Normally a clear statement should be prepared, describing why the option is preferred and what project specifications must be met, to be used as a basis for further work. 

In addition to providing some control of price risk, futures and options markets are also very useful mechanisms for price discovery and for gauging market sentiment. There is a world-wide need for accurate, real-time information about the prices established through futures and options trading, that is, a need for price transparency. Exchange prices are simultaneously transmitted around the world via a network of information vendors terminal seiwices directly to clients, thereby allowing users to follow the market in real time wherever they may be. Energy futures prices are also widely reported in the financial press. These markets thus enable an open, equitable and competitive environment. 

In general, fuel switching is currently the cheapest option at the current price difference of 10/ton between high-sulfur and low-sulfur coals. However, as low-sulfur coal prices increase, this will become less economical. Dry processes are the next most economical option, but they may not be able to meet emission control standards. The various types of scrubber have broadly similar costs, and the choice will depend on the specific plant under consideration. It appears from Table 4 that advanced combustion technologies such as integrated... 

There are three main reasons for using inferential measurement of a controlled variable (1) Excessive analyzer deadtime undermines the performance of the feedback loop. (2) The total cost (i.e., the purchase price and maintenance cost) of an on-line analyzer can be excessive. Since inferential measurements are typically based on temperature, pressure, and flow measurements, they are much less expensive to install and maintain. (3) An on-line analyzer may not be available. In that case, an inferential measurement may be the only option for feedback control. 

GenSim includes an extensive externality component that allows the user to consider the costs of externalities on LCOE estimates. Initially, GenSim assumes that the prices for all four externalities, COj, NO, SOj, and mercury (Hg) are set at zero. The capital costs for each generating option include those associated with the best available control technologies for both SO2 and NO. CO2 and mercury emission technology costs are not included in the default capital costs. Using this externality component, the user can explore the effect of externality costs and/or different pollution-control technologies on the estimates of LCOE. 

In this article, we describe the key features of the proposed scheme (Section 2) analyse the provisions for unilateral linking to the CDM and JI and controlling the price in three scenarios, and reflect on the fundamental role of international linking for an open economy such as Australia (Section 3) and explore options for bilateral linking with the EU and NZ schemes (Section 4). 

People with disabilities want to have control over the process and be informed enough to make good decisions. This is quite different from the traditional medical or rehabilitation model, in which well-meaning professionals often tell the individual what is best for him or her. Within this new paradigm, the role is to inform, advise, and educate, not to decide. The professional provides information as to the technical options, prices, etc. and then assists the person who will use the technology to acquire it and learn how to use it. 

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