Control of Maintenance Activities

The reactor maintenance self-assessment noted that there were no formal maintenance troubleshooting procedures. INPO 85-038, "Chapter VII, "Control of Maintenance Activities," section B, recommends that "troubleshooting should be controlled to prevent unplanned repairs and unauthorized modifications."... 

Prior to restart, a Maintenance Improvement Program shall be established that incorporates the elements specified below. The implementation of this program shall be initiated at restart for safety-related systems identified in Table 5.6.1. Reactor Operations Management Plan (ROMP) items addressed in paragraphs 13.2.2 and 13.2.5 below shall be satisfactorily implemented. Additionally, adequate control of maintenance activities and post-maintenance testing activities shall be in place. 

Tweeddale (Tweeddale, 1995) identified two general sorts of deviations, i.e. hard and soft deviations. He identifies hard deviations as malfunctioning equipment, and soft deviations as faults in the system or procedures. In this thesis these definitions are slightly modified to cover all deviations identified in the operational process preceding and directly related with an accident. Hard deviations are defined as the actual loss of containment or demonstrable loss of control, e.g. small leakages, overpressure, override of control systems, etc. Soft deviations refer to indications of possible deviations, but cannot be demonstrated by actual facts, e.g. operator complaints, deficiencies of maintenance activities, or bad housekeeping activities, etc. 

The prion protein PrP represents a central player in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases (for review see Lasmezas and Weiss, 2000)). The physiological role of the cellular isoform of PrP termed PrP is speculative so far (for review see (Weissmann, 1996)) and might involve control of circadian activity rhythms and sleep (Tobler et ai, 1996), maintenance of cerebellar Purkinje cell (Sakaguchi et al, 1996), and normal synaptic functions (Collinge et al., 1994 Fournier et al., 1995 Kitamoto et al., 1992). Because several reports do not describe any phenotype for PrP (Bueler et al, 1992 Lledo et al, 1996 Manson et al., 1994), the only proved role of prpc is its necessity for the development of TSEs (Bueler et al., 1993)... 

Reports would be designed and used for control of maintenance expenses, chaige-backs to customers, and/or activity codes, variance reporting, etc. 

Operations personnel should be cognizant of and have control over the detailed status of the plant systems and equipment during shutdown mode. The shift supervisor must be informed of maintenance activities affecting the status of systems and equipment. All work conducted at the plant has to be planned, analysed and executed in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of the shutdown mode. Effective interface between the operation and maintenance groups (including contractors), is essential. 

Planning, scheduling, and coordination of FOE maintenance activities is the responsibility of the FOE organization subject to concurrence by the HCF Supen/isor. Accountability for the performance of maintenance activities by FOE personnel is controlled Mthin the SNL/NM Site Maintenance Plan. 

Maintenance activities at the HCF are conducted in accordance with either a work control instruction, for maintenance performed by HCF personnel, or the SNL/NM Site Maintenance Plan, for maintenance performed by FOE personnel. These documents govern the preparation of maintenance work packages, in addition, the MIP addresses supenrision of maintenance activities, review of completed work requests, temporary repaii, and control of contract personnel. 

Procedures (Control of modifications and of maintenance activities can reduce CCF)... 

The work permit system is established to maintain control of which activities are to be carried out on the installation and to manage their risk. Activities that typically require a work permit is maintenance work be it on the process equipment, pipes or structure of the platform. There are two main categories corrective or preventive maintenance. Work permits are divided in two levels to differentiate between their impacts on risk. High-risk jobs which e.g. require welding are of level 1 while lower risk jobs are of level 2. Jobs that have been identified as no risk activities do not require a work permit... 

The Pituitary Control of Testicular Activity.—Gonadotropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary control (i.) the descent of the testicle, (ii.) the onset and maintenance of spermatogenesis, and (iii.) the output of the androgens, this last effect being homologous with the action of FSH in the female. Pituitary gonadotropic activity is in abeyance before puberty, as shown by the absence of androsterone from the urine. 

The Work Control Manual (RD-3.1) provides the directions and the mechanism for the recording and retention of maintenance activity documentation. Continued effort is required to enisure compliance with the intent of RD-3.1. On the basis of its review, the staff finds that WSRC has met the requirements of this section for development of a plan and schedule for the reactor maintenance history program. The implementation of this program will be reviewed and discussed in a monthly operations report. 

The Work Control Manual, RD-3.1, and R-3.2, "Reactor Maintenance Administrative Procedures" (Reference 25), implements a work control program based on the requirements identified in the Reactor Maintenance Self-Assessment. These manuals provide the necessary requirements and organizational responsibilities for the development, approval, and performance of maintenance activities. 

The procurement process includes the controls needed to evaluate and ensure that vendor procedures meet the requirements for use within the facility. The content, format, structure, review and approval of maintenance procedures, as outlined by the PWG, address all of the issues related to maintenance procedure content that were evaluated above. RD 3.1, DPSOL 338-205-1, and document control procedures provide a mechanism to obtain and control drawings and procedures required in the performance of maintenance activities. 

Dupont committed to improving the reactor maintenance program at the Savannah River Site (SRS) based on the results of audits performed by the National Academy of Scientists and Engineers (NAS E) and the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO). In February 1989, Dupont issued an SRS-wide Maintenance Improvement Plan identifying eight key elements that were in need of improvement. One of these elements was the performance of a self-assessment by the Reactor Maintenance Department based on the elements identified in INPO 85-038, Guidelines for the Conduct of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Stations (Reference 1). The self-assessment was to include a review of (1) work control procedures, (2) maintenance requests, (3) supervision of maintenance activities, (4) review of completed maintenance requests, (5) temporary repairs, and (6) control of contractor personnel. This assessment (Reference 2) was completed in January 19.90. The results of the assessment, which were compared against draft DOE Order 5480, established the foundation for the Reactbr Maintenance Improvement Plan (MIP)(Reference 3), which was issued the end of April 1990. 

Processes in this context means those series of related activities that turn inputs into outputs of added value. They include design, procurement, manufacture, packing, delivery, installation, maintenance, operations, disposal as well as the processes which serve these primary processes such as calibration, training, inspection, test, document control, etc. 

Interactions refers to any jobs, tasks, or operations carried out by people who could directly or indirectly cause the hazard to be released. Direct interactions with the plant might involve breaking open pipework, opening reactors, etc. Indirect interactions would include remote activation of valves from a control room, or the performance of maintenance on critical plant items. Errors that might occur during these interactions could allow the harm potential to be released. This could occur directly (for example, a worker could be overcome by a chlorine release if an incorrect valve line-up was made) or indirectly (for example, if a pump bearing in a critical cooling circuit was not lubricated, as in the example in Chapter 1). The procedure as described above... 

Fire precautions including control of ignition sources, e.g. smoking, maintenance activities, vehicular access (see Chapter 6) and limitation of combustible materials, e.g. packaging. 

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