Control of hazards

The design of an inherently safe phosgene plant has been described by workers at 

John Brown High purity, low cost, safe operation  

Zeneca High turndown, low inventory, tubular bed reactor 

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Without proper control of hazards, a sequence of events (scenario) occurs which results ia an accident. A hazard is defined as anything which could result ia an accident, ie, an unplaimed sequence of events which results ia iajury or loss of life, damage to the environment, loss of capital equipment, or loss of production or inventory. 

Control of hazardous pollutants cannot be relaxed through trades with less toxic pollutants. 

Large Fans These could be used to dilute a vapor cloud below its LFL with ambient air (see, for example, Whiting and Shaffer, Feasi-bihty Study of Hazardous Vapor Amelioration Techniques, Proc. 1978 Nat. Conf. on Control of Hazardous Material Spills, USEPA, Miami Beach, April 1978). But caution must be exercised because the turbulence produced by fans will likely promote rapid combustion and a resulting UVCE unless vapors are diluted below the LFL. Nevertheless, in new plants, strategic placement of air coolers may provide enough air flow to reduce the risk of a UVCE. 

Selected legislation relevant to the control of hazardous chemicals... 

Do the lockout/tagout procedures clearly outline the scope, purpose, authorization, rules, and techniques to be utilized for the control of hazardous energy and the means of enforcing compliance [OSHA Reference. 147(c)(4)(ii)]... 

Most or the incidents described were the result or not rollowing good engineering practice. Some violated the law, and many more would if they occurred today. In the United States, they would violate OSHA 1910.147 (1990) on The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lock Out/Tag Out) and the Process Safety Management (PSM) Law (OSHA 1910.119, in force since 1992). which applies to listed chemicals above a threshold quantity. The PSM Law requires companies to follow good engineering practice, codes, industry consensus standards, and even the company s owm standards. OSHA could view failure to follow any of these as violations. 

Functions such as industrial hygiene (the protection of worker health against occupational hazards) and hazardous waste mcmagement involve the control of hazards arising from processes. As with process safety, you can attempt to use engineering-based solutions alone, but will find that ongoing control of hazards is difficult to achieve. Designing-in hazard control and... 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1997. Control of hazardous pollutants. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Chs. 400-499 NR 445. httD //www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/air/index.htm. 

Wang, L.K. and Wang, M.H.S., Control of Hazardous Wastes in Petroleum Refining Industry, Technical Paper (No. LIR/1080/2) presented at the 6th Annual Convention of the CAAPS, New York City, NY, October 1980. 

COHIBA (2012) Control of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea region (COHIBA). http // www.cohiba-project.net/... 

Friege H (2012) The role of waste management in the control of hazardous substances lessons learned, Beitrage zu Abfallwirtschaft/Altlasten Bd. 87, ISBN 978-3-934253-80-3, Dresden... 

Petrovic, M., Gehringer, P., Eschweiler, H., Barcelo, D. (2004). LC-MS-MS determination of oxidative degradation products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, carboxylates and nonylphenols in water. Water Sci. Technol. 50 (5), (Assessment and Control of Hazardous Substances in Water), 227-234. 

Greer JS, Griwatz GH. 1980, Ultimate disposal of hazardous materials by reaction with liquid sodium. Control of Hazardous Material Spills, Proceedings of the 1980 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills 1 416-20. 

Curtis, M.W., Copeland, T.L., and Ward, C.H. Aquatic toxicity of substances proposed for spill prevention regulation, in Proceedings of the 1978 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills (Miami, FL Oil Spill Control Association of America, 1978), pp. 99-103. 

Dellinger, B., Taylor, P.H., and Tirey, D.A. Minimization and control of hazardous combustion by-products. Risk Reduction Laboratory, U.S. EPA Report 600/S2-90-039, 1991. 

The principal hazard associated with these and other flame-, heat-, or spark-producing work is the introduction of unauthorized ignition sources into areas of the facility. Control of hazards related to portable equipment and hot work requires developing and maintaining a comprehensive hot work procedure. 

Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout Tagout), 29 CFR 1910.147, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Sept. 1, 1989. 

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems with respect to foods are a systematic and practical approach to enhance the safety of foods from primary production to final consumption through the identification, evaluation and control of hazards that are significant for food safety (WHO, 1995 Brera et al., 1998). Inherent in this approach is that it is the producer who will be responsible for identifying and implementing preventative actions in all aspects of the food production chain to ensure maximum safety from specific food safety hazards. Thus, the producer must set in motion a plan to identify, monitor... 

Edwards BH, Paullin JN, Coghlan-Jordan K. 1985. Emerging technologies for the control of hazardous wastes. J Hazard Mater 12 201-205. 

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