Contraceptive devices

The male barrier contraceptive device is known as the condom, or mbber, and is widely available in most countries. The condom is a mbber or latex sheath, sometimes packaged with a lubricant and spermicide, which serves as a cover for the penis and a receptacle for semen. The method is very effective if the condom is of good quaUty, remains on, and is replaced for each subsequent intercourse. It was reported that 6 biUion condoms were used in 1990 (101). Usage appears to be increasing as adjunctive use with other methods of contraception for prevention of HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases. By rough estimate, condoms may have been used in more than 13 biUion acts of sexual intercourse that risked unwanted pregnancy, HIV, and/or other sexually transmitted diseases (101). 

LRISis an intrauterine contraception device for use of not more than 5 years. 

Observational data illustrate a reduction in dysmenorrhea from 60% to 29% with the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD after 3 years.17 As observed with depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate, this reduction is likely secondary to the increasing incidence of amenorrhea in users of this contraceptive device. 

A more common contraceptive device is the intrauterine device (IUD). The first type of intrauterine device used was undedicated. These have received increased attention since the use of polyethylene plastics and silicone rubbers [194-196], These materials had the ability to resume their shape following distortion. Because they are unmedicated, these IUDs cannot be classifieds as sustained-release products. It is believed that their mechanism of action is due to local endometrial responses, both cellular and cytosecretory... 

It is through the local generation of eicosanoids that intrauterine contraceptive devices are effective, since they stimulate production of prostaglandins by the myometrium which increases its contractility, preventing implantation. 

In 1992, the US FDA approved a long-acting contraceptive device containing synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) hormones. Manufactured by Pfizer, Inc., it is sold under the trade name Depo-Provera . It is typically injected into a woman s buttocks or upper arm, and renders her temporarily sterile for up to 3 months. ... 

There are numerous choices of contraception for women, and the efficacy and costs of each must be balanced when giving advice, both to the individual and to the community at large. Hormonal contraception is still the most effective method of fertility control, and in this section only hormonal contraception will be considered. However the relative merits of other methods such as intrauterine contraceptive devices (lUCDs), condoms, and vaginal or cervical caps should be kept in mind as alternatives. Condoms in particular have important advantages in limiting spread of sexually transmitted disease. 

Mirena is a relatively new intrauterine contraceptive device that releases levonorgestrel into the uterine cavity for 5 years. Use of this contraceptive device is associated with fewer systemic progestin side effects and is at least as effective as Norplant. 

Pessary. An instrument placed in the vagina to support the uterus or rectum or as a contraceptive device a medicated vaginal suppository. 

A non-hormonal approach to emergency contraception is insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device up to 7 days after ovulation in a cycle during which unprotected intercourse has occurred (13). 

Ratsula K. Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intracervical contraceptive device during the first two years of use. Contraception 1989 39(2) 187-93. 

Choudry K, Humphreys F, Menage J. Rosacea in association with the progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001 26(1) 102. 

Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 

An intrauterine contraceptive device is assayed for impurities by cutting off and discarding the sealed ends of the container and removing the contraceptive coil. After shaking the core with methanol and allowing the insoluble portion to settle, the extract is assayed by TLC. 

Sam, A. P. (1992), Controlled release contraceptive devices A status report,/. Controlled Release, 22, 35-46. 

Shihata, A. (2004), New FDA-approved woman-controlled, latex-free barrier contraceptive device Fern Cap, Int. Congr. Ser., 1271, 303-306. 

Haineault, C., Gourde, P, Perron, S., Desormeaux, A., Piret, J., Omar, R. F., Tremblay, R. R., and Bergeron, M. G. (2003),Thermoreversible gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate as a potential contraceptive device, Biol. Reprod., 69, 687-694. 

Contraceptive devices, for example IUDs. These usually consist of a plastic T-shaped frame fitted with copper bands or wires. There are also intrauterine progesterone-only devices, which release levonorgestrel directly into the uterus. 

Buchman, M. I., A Study of the Intrauterine Contraceptive Device with... 

Oil-based lubricants cause failure of rubber condoms and contraceptive diaphragms many lubricants, e.g. hand or baby creams, wash off readily, but are nevertheless oil-based. Barrier contraceptive devices made of polyurethane, e.g. the female condom (femidom), are not so affected. 

The transdermal contraceptive device is based on a patentable micro-drug-reservoir technique to achieve... 

Sivin, I. Stern, J. Health during prolonged use of levonor-gestrel 20 micrograms/d and the copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices a multicenter study. International committee for contraception research (ICCR). Fertil. Steril. 1994, 61 (1), 70-77. 

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