Contraceptives transdermal

Archer, D.F., Cullins, V., Creasy, D.W. and Fisher, A.C. (2004) The impact of improved compliance with a weekly contraceptive transdermal system (Ortho Evra) on contraceptive efficacy . Contraception. 69, 189-195. 

No authors listed. Thrombotic risk of contraceptive transdermal patches and the contraceptive vaginal ring. Prescrire Int 2013 22(143) 266-9. PMID 24427838. 

Non-oral forms of contraceptives, such as the transdermal patch and the transvaginal ring, avoid the need for daily administration and, as such, may enhance convenience of use for the patient. 

Oral, transdermal, and transvaginal contraceptives, as well as intrauterine devices and most barrier contraceptives, do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. 

As an alternative to oral contraceptive pills, which must be taken daily in order to reliably prevent pregnancy, non-oral contraceptives in the form of transdermal, transvaginal, and injectable preparations are available and offer patients safe and effective alternatives to the pills for prevention of pregnancy. These formulations also do not require daily administration, making them more convenient than the pill formulations. 

A combination contraceptive is available as a transdermal patch (Ortho Evra), which may have improved adherence compared to OCs. Efficacy seems to be compromised in women over 198 lb (90 kg). The patch should be applied to the abdomen, buttocks, upper torso, or upper arm at the beginning of the menstrual cycle and replaced every week for 3 weeks. 

Switching from an oral contraceptive - Treatment with the norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol transdermal patch should begin on the first day... 

Use after childbirth - Women who elect not to breast-feed should start contraceptive therapy with the norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol transdermal patch no sooner than 4 weeks after childbirth. If a woman begins using the patch postpartum and has not yet had a period, consider the possibility of ovulation and conception occurring prior to use of the patch, and instruct her to use an additional method of contraception (eg, condoms, spermicide, diaphragm) for the first 7 days. 

Pregnancy Category D (inhaler, spray, transdermal patch) Category C(gum). Nicotine is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant advise patients to use contraceptive measures. 

In some instances, transdermal estrogens appear less likely to cause problems than other forms of administration. One group studied the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in 24 women, using transdermal or peroral administration of a combination of estradiol and cypro-terone acetate in doses comparable to those used in oral contraceptives (217). The peroral treatment led to a significant impairment in insulin secretion and action whereas the transdermal application of estrogens did not significantly influence insulin sensitivity. 

Creasy GW, Fisher AC, Hall N, Shangold GA. Transdermal contraceptive patch delivering norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol effects on the lipid profile. J Reprod Med... 

Henzl MR, Loomba PK. Transdermal delivery of sex steroids for hormone replacement therapy and contraception a review of principles and practice. Reprod Med 2003 48 525-40. 

An older 19-norprogesterone (ST 1435, Merck Darmstadt) was used experimentally in a transdermal form as a possible hormonal contraceptive. A dose of 0.8-1 mg/day was needed to inhibit ovulation in all subjects. There was some irregularity of bleeding, and some subjects had breast tenderness (62). 

Nonoral contraceptives Ethinyl estradiol Norelgestromin Ortho Evra (transdermal patch)... 

The first ER modulators studied clinically were clomiphene (4) and tamoxifen (5), which exemplify the triphenylethylene (TPE) structural class. TPEs were originally investigated as contraceptives, but molecules such as tamoxifen (5) and toremifene (6) were found to display strong antagonism of estrogen in mammary tissue, leading to their development for the treatment of breast cancer. A more recent member of this structural class, afimoxifene (7) is currently under development as a transdermal gel formulation for the treatment of cyclical mastalgia.1 13... 

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