Levonorgestrel release

LNG-20, a long-lasting levonorgestrel-releasing lUD, is still under development at the Population Council. Other lUDs in development are the Multiload Mark II (marketed in Einland), the Uterine-Occluding Device, and two new copper devices, the OmbreUe and the Eincoid-350. 

Menorrhagia also may be treated with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (IUD). This is a very effective treatment that consistently reduces menstrual flow by 90% or greater.29,30 Its use has resulted in the postponement or cancellation of scheduled endometrial resection surgery or hysterectomy. Specifically, 60% of treated patients have been able to avoid hysterectomy.30,34,35... 

Observational data illustrate a reduction in dysmenorrhea from 60% to 29% with the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD after 3 years.17 As observed with depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate, this reduction is likely secondary to the increasing incidence of amenorrhea in users of this contraceptive device. 

Ratsula K. Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intracervical contraceptive device during the first two years of use. Contraception 1989 39(2) 187-93. 

Gao J, Sun HZ, Song GY, Ma LY. Clinical investigation of a low-dose levonorgestrel-releasing vaginal ring. Fertil Steril 1986 46(4) 626-30. 

Sivin I. Risks and benefits, advantages and disadvantages of levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants. Drug Saf 2003 26 303-35. 

Croxatto HB. NORPLANT levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implant. Ann Med 1993 25(2) 155-60. 

Wildemeersch D, Schacht E. Treatment of menorrhagia with a novel frameless intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing drug delivery system a pilot study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2001 6(2) 93-101. 

Suhonen S, Haukkamaa M, Jakobsson T, Rauramo I. Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and oral contraceptives in young nulliparous women a comparative study. Contraception 2004 69 407-12. 

Li C-FI, Lee SSN, Pun TC. A pilot study on the acceptability of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device by young, single, nulliparous Chinese females following surgical abortion. Contraception 2004 69 247-50. 

Radesic B, Sharma A. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for treating menstrual disorders a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 2004 44 247-51. 

Levonorgestrel-releasing (20 microgram/day) intrauterine systems (Mirena) compared with other methods of reversible contraceptives. BJOG 2000 107(10) 1218-25. 

Gerber B, Reimer T, Krause A, Friese K, Muller H. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices. Lancet 2001 357(9258) 801. 

Acceptability of the long-term contraceptive levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system Mirena a 3-year followup. Contraception 2003 67 87-91. 

Laoag-Fernandez JB, Maruo T, Pakarinen P, Spitz IM, Johansson E. Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intra-... 

Some preliminary but well-designed work has suggested that by inserting a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system it may be possible to limit considerably the problems posed by unscheduled uterine bleeding (75). 

Gardner FJ, Konje JC, Abrams KR, Brown LJ, Khanna S, Al-Azzawi F, Bell SC, Taylor DJ. Endometrial protection from tamoxifen-stimulated changes by a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000 356(9243) 1711-7. 

Luukkainen, T., and J. Toivonen. 1995. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD as a method of contraception with therapeutic properties. Contraception 52 269. 

Wildemeersch, D., et al. 2004. Endometrial safety with a low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing system after 3 years of estrogen substitution therapy. Maturitas 48 65. 

Luukkainen, T. Allonen, H. Haukkamaa, M. Lahteenmaki, P. Nilsson, C.G. Toivonen, J. Five years experience with levonorgestrel-releasing lUDs. Contraception 1986, 33 (2), 139-148. 

Andersson, K. Odlind, V. Rybo, G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) lUDs during five years of use a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994, 49 (1), 56-72. 

Robinson GE, Bounds W, Kubba AA, Adams J, GuiUeband J. Functional ovarian cysts associated with the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine device. J Fam Plan 1989 14 131-2. 

Barbosa I, Bakos O, Olsson SE, Odlind V, Johansson ED. Ovarian function during use of a levonorgestrel-releasing lUD. Contraception 1990 42(l) 51-66. 

Wildemeersch D, Dhont M, Temmerman M, Delbarge W, Schacht E, Thiery M. GyneFix-LNG preUminary clinical experience with a copper and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 1999 4(1) 15-19. 

Wildemeersch D, Schacht E. Endometrial suppression with a new frameless levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women a pilot study. Maturitas 2000 36(l) 63-8. 

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