Manufacturing continuous

R. L. Goldstein, "Recent Developments in the Optimisation and Control of Nitration in the Continuous Manufacture of TNT," in Symposium on... 

Nickel sulfate also is made by the reaction of black nickel oxide and hot dilute sulfuric acid, or of dilute sulfuric acid and nickel carbonate. The reaction of nickel oxide and sulfuric acid has been studied and a reaction induction temperature of 49°C deterrnined (39). High purity nickel sulfate is made from the reaction of nickel carbonyl, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen in the gas phase at 100°C (40). Another method for the continuous manufacture of nickel sulfate is the gas-phase reaction of nickel carbonyl and nitric acid, recovering the soHd product in sulfuric acid, and continuously removing the soHd nickel sulfate from the acid mixture (41). In this last method, nickel carbonyl and sulfuric acid are fed into a closed-loop reactor. Nickel sulfate and carbon monoxide are produced the CO is thus recycled to form nickel carbonyl. 

Parallam, or laminated strand lumber (LSL) is a beam made by a continuous manufacturing process composed of bigger-size wood needles (very elongated wood particles) reassembled with a structural exterior grade adhesive, the favorite adhesive being isocyanates (pMDI) when heat-curing and PRFs when cold-curing. 

Single plates are usually cured in special devices (curing ovens or curing chambers, cf., e.g., [25] ) that control humidity as well as temperature. In continuous plate production, the drying of the pasted ribbon is correspondingly controlled. Furthermore, in continuous manufacture final curing can occur after the plates are separated and inserted into the containers. 

An example of an emulsifier for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers is a 22 88 mixture of disodium a-sulfolaurate and sodium methyl a-sulfolaurate. The emulsion is stable for much longer than an emulsion with n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate as the emulsifier [92]. Ester sulfonates are also used as emulsifiers in the continuous manufacture of vinyl chloride polymers [93]. 

Thomas, P.W. and Ramsay, A. (2004) Continuous manufacturing of a bulk active pharmaceutical ingredient. Presented at Switching from Batch to Continuous Processing Conference,... 

The development of chemical micro processing was, among other influences, strongly promoted by continuing manufacturing and offering of micro devices, as... 

Continuous manufacture of powdered extracts from vegetable material. Br. Pat 946, 346, Jan. 8, 1964. 

Dietze, M. and Ktihne, H., Development and design of commercial reactors for continuous manufacture of polyesters, Chemiefasem, 3, 194-202 (1969). 

Kunz, M. Schwarz, A. Kowalczyk, J. (Siidzucker AG), Process for continuous manufacture of di- and higher-oxidized carboxylic acids from carbohydrates, Ger. Offen. DE 19 542 287 (1996) Chem. Abstr., 1997, 127, 52504. 

Flexibility in location of equipment. Because of its smaller size, reduced inventory and improved safety the siting of continuous manufacturing equipment requires less infrastructure than the equivalent batch plant. Portacabin-sized equipment is already available, which even makes temporary location of plant a feasibility. 

Reactors range in size from small vessels producing occasional batches of a few kilograms of some expensive material such as a pharmaceutical product, to giants which run continuously, manufacturing a thousand tonnes a day of ammonia or ethene. 

Continuous Manufacture, See Continuous. Method d for Manufacturing Explosives, /ol 3, pp C501-L to C504-R... 

Because pultrusion is a truly continuous manufacturing method, composites may be produced in any length that can be handled small, flexible cross-section composites may even be wound onto drums endlessly. Nevertheless, the composite is normally cut, in the simplest case with a hand-held hack saw, but more commonly to predetermined lengths with an automatic saw that follows the moving composite during cutting. 

The continuous manufacturing process yielded high quality 3 with significantly lower production costs (raw material utilization, energy, waste and manpower) than for the batch process. 

Fig. 50. Column for continuous manufacture of heavy metal azides and lead styphnate, according to Meissner [110] /,2—inflow of reacting solutions, 3,4—reaction column, 5—air nozzle with exit openings, 6 and 7 directed up- and downwards, respectively,...

This is because of lower raw materials costs through increased production on the part of the resin manufacturers as well as continuing manufacturing efficiencies effected by the mill shape processors. 

Two patents for the continuous nitration of glycerine by Kurtz appeared in 1878-1879 [35] and other methods comprising a continuous manufacturing scheme where glycerine and nitrating acid were mixed in a spraying nozzle were patented by Maxim in 1891 [36] and Evers in 1902 [37]. These ideas were incorporated into the modern plants (p. 114). 

Fig. 39. Nitrator for continuous manufacture of nitroglycerine according to Schmid, improved mm pattern with tubular cooler by Nauckhoff (Nauckhoff and Bergstrom [7]).

Fig. 74. Flow sheet of continuous manufacture of PETN i—nitrator No. 1, 2—nitrator No. 2. 3 — diluting vat, 4—vacuum filter, 5—washing vat, 6, 8,10,12—filters, 7—neutralizer, 9—vat for dissolving PETN in acetone, 11 —diluting...

Recent Developments in the Optimization and Control of Nitration in the Continuous Manufacture of Trinitrotoluene , ibid (Feb 1977) 40) WM. Stirrat RM. Rindner, Critical Depth Tests of Bulk TNT Flake Explosive , ARLCD-TR-78003, USA Arm Res Dev Command, Dover, NJ (1978) 41) J.R. 

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