Content identification

According to P. Goodwin (81) for species content identification in foods, the preferred technique should be capable of testing processed meat, raw, cooked and heat-treated samples, dairy foods and other commodities in meat samples. Different immunoassay techniques have been used for meat specification (see Table 1). For more details one can refer to articles by Kangethe (82) and others (12,13). 

Three items are important in the storage of admixtures, namely, the ease of identification, humidity and temperature at which they are stored. To avoid confusion between different admixtures, drums should be delivered clearly labeled as to the contents identification can be made easier by a colorant which has no influence on the concrete. Powdered admixtures are more sensitive to moisture and carbon dioxide than are Portland cements. The materials should, therefore, be packed in waterproofed bags and always stored in areas free of high relative humidity and temperature extremes to avoid condensation. Storage tanks should be vented properly, and fill nozzles and any other tank openings should be capped when not in use to avoid contamination. 

Modern chemical instrumentation is capable of generating enormous amounts of data in very short periods of time. It is clear that a major task of scientists for the near future is to develop techniques to utilize more effectively this capability, in order to avoid the typical dilemma of being buried in data with little or no perspective of the information content. Thus, there are three key developments that must be pursued definition of "information content" identification of methods to correlate instrumental parameters with information content and development of tools for the instrumental enhancement of information content and the efficient extraction of information from data. 

These three domains are extremely helpful in curriculum design, planning and assessment activities, and evaluation in disaster nursing and emergency preparedness programs. From each domain, competencies can be identified that provide the foundation for content identification and curricular design. 

Marchylo and Kruger [26,52] developed and optimized conditions to separate barley and malt prolamins (hordeins) by RP-HPLC, and used these methods for cultivar identification based on qualitative and quantitative differences. Elution profiles were largely independent of growth location, year, and protein content. Identification of barley cultivars by hordein lE-HPLC was also reported [164], Barley HPLC varietal identification was reviewed by Marchylo [165],... 

The key to responsible management and disposition of cylinders is the proper assessment of cylinder integrity and content identification. Only specially trained experts should perform content identification procedures. Improper procedures may result in serious injury or death. Potential hazards include explosions release of contents under pressure and toxic, poisonous, corrosive or highly reactive gases. 

Suppliers of compressed gases mark their cylinders with product names, which is a primary means of content identification. These names may be either the proper chemical name or a commonly accepted name such as a trade name. Refer to CGA C-7 [6]. Do not rely solely on external characteristics of a cylinder and valve type. Other important information may be knowledge of the cylinder s origin, age, or use. Do not rely upon color-coding to determine contents. If the contents cannot be determined. 

Recovery and recycling of the contents of a cylinder is preferred over other methods of disposition. Some companies may accept customer owned cylinders of known contents for recycling. The recycler should ensure that the cylinder integrity and content identification are confirmed. 

The supplier should establish and maintain procedures for the control of records relating to source contents, identification and the original purchaser. These procedures should include a description of the applicable records and procedures for indexing, storage, maintenance and disposition. 

Aldehydes and ketones may frequently be identified by their semicarbazones, obtained by direct condensation with semicarbazide (or amino-urea), NH,NHCONH a compound which is a monacidic base and usually available as its monohydrochloride, NHjCONHNH, HCl. Semicarbazones are particularly useful for identification of con jounds (such as acetophenone) of which the oxime is too soluble to be readily isolated and the phenylhydrazone is unstable moreover, the high nitrogen content of semicarbazones enables very small quantities to be accurately analysed and so identified. The general conditions for the formation of semicarbazones are very similar to those for oximes and phenylhydrazones (pp. 93, 229) the free base must of course be liberated from its salts by the addition of sodium acetate. 

The Textile Eiber Product Identification Act (TEPIA) requires that the fiber content of textile articles be labeled (16). The Eederal Trade Commission estabhshed and periodically refines the generic fiber definitions. The current definition for a polyester fiber is "A manufactured fiber ia which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxyUc acid, including but not restricted to terephthalate units, and para substituted hydroxyben2oate units."... 

Polyester composition can be determined by hydrolytic depolymerization followed by gas chromatography (28) to analyze for monomers, comonomers, oligomers, and other components including side-reaction products (ie, DEG, vinyl groups, aldehydes), plasticizers, and finishes. Mass spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy can provide valuable composition information, including end group analysis (47,101,102). X-ray fluorescence is commonly used to determine metals content of polymers, from sources including catalysts, delusterants, or tracer materials added for fiber identification purposes (28,102,103). 

The acid content of cmde petroleum varies from 0—3%, with cmdes from California, Venezuela, Russia, and Romania having the highest content. Smaller amounts are found ia U.S. Gulf Coast cmdes, whereas Httie or no naphthenic acids are found ia Pennsylvania, Iraq, or Saudi Arabia cmdes. Typical concentrations are shown ia Table 2. Minor amounts of naphthenic acids are also found ia bituminous oil sands, but these are not economically recoverable. Identification of naphthenic acids ia water from oil-beating strata is being examined as a potential method of petroleum exploration (18). 

Ha2ard identification of the contents of in-plant bulk storage tanks, warehouses, etc, may be achieved by a system developed by the NFPA (48). The system makes use of three diamond-shaped areas, which are marked with numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 indicating increasing ha2ards of toxicity, flammabHity, and reactivity, respectively. 

Instrumental Methods for Bulk Samples. With bulk fiber samples, or samples of materials containing significant amounts of asbestos fibers, a number of other instmmental analytical methods can be used for the identification of asbestos fibers. In principle, any instmmental method that enables the elemental characterization of minerals can be used to identify a particular type of asbestos fiber. Among such methods, x-ray fluorescence (xrf) and x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (xps) offer convenient identification methods, usually from the ratio of the various metal cations to the siUcon content. The x-ray diffraction technique (xrd) also offers a powerfiil means of identifying the various types of asbestos fibers, as well as the nature of other minerals associated with the fibers (9). 

Thermoanalytical methods (tga, dta) often enable definite identification of the type of asbestos fibers (Fig. 7). For example, the strong exotherm observed with chrysotile at 830°C can be used as a routine indicator for determining the chrysotile content of talc (4,10). Thermal methods are also usefiil for determining certain mineral contaminants of asbestos fibers, for example bmcite and calcite in chrysotile. 

Physical Composition Information and data on the physical composition of solid wastes including (1) identification of the individual components that make up industrial and municipal sohd wastes, (2) density of solid wastes, and (3) moisture content are presented below. 

At identification of cognacs and cognac alcohols on authenticity use the following characteristic attributes presence in them significant concentration of (15-150 mg/1) bytanol, the high level of acids - acetic, propionic and oil the high contents of polyphenolic bonds. 

These designed methods will allow hereinafter development of the high-performance remedies, using biologically active substances from Arctium lappa L. root. Identification of stmcture and quality contents allows to obtain correct prediction of phamiacological properties of this groups of compounds. Express method allows to make supply of medical herb raw material more rational. 

In bulk, e.g. checks on tanker contents, earthing and bonding, identification of receiving vessel... 

---