Contamination packaging protection from

Paper is one of the oldest and most commonly used packaging materials. Generally it is used to keep a product clean and for mechanical strength when combined with other materials. It does not protect a product from atmospheric change, but only from mechanical contaminants such as dirt. Coated papers are much more functional. Waxed papers fall into this category and provide much better protection from moisture and, in some cases, from gas (oxygen) transmission. 

Protection from microbial contamination is provided by maintaining adequate container integrity after the packaging system has been sealed. An adequate and validated procedure should be used for drug product manufacture and packaging. 

The manufacture of pharmaceutical ingredients must be protected from contamination beginning with the charging of raw materials through packaging the excipient into the market container. Generally contamination arises from two sources exposure of the excipient to the environment during the production process and flaws in the equipment. 

A common factor of metal foodstuff packaging is that it provides long term ambient stable storage with excellent abuse resistance and protection from environmental contamination ensuring food safety and quality retention with extended shelf life. Flexible packaging which is covered elsewhere in this book may also use thin layers of metal either as discrete foil layers or as metallised plastic or paper layers for improved barrier properties, but the main structural components are non-metallic and so are not covered here. 

Additional multiple-unit containers are in widespread use such as collapsible tubes, metered-dose inhalers, and aerosol containers. The f/j / /AF provides standards for aerosols and containers used for aerosols in Aerosols, Metered-Dose Inhalers, and Dry Powder Inhalers (601) and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (1151). Commonly used for ointments and pastes, the collapsible tube container is often constructed of plastic, metal, or some lamination of plastic and metallic layers. Although such preparations can be packaged in jars or bottles, collapsible tubes can offer better protection from contamination and from environmental hazards. The metered-dose inhaler and aerosol container are other specific multiple-unit dosage form examples that are commonly fabricated from metal and are closely tied to the process of medication administration. " ... 

At every further stage of processing, products and materials, particularly primary packaging materials, should be protected from microbial and other contamination. 

Starting materials, primary packaging materials and products must be protected from microbial or other contamination during manufacture. 

Only specially suited packaging material shall be used. In particular, there shall be no risk that the drug is subjected to an unfavorable influence caused by the containers or closing systems. The equipment used shall assure sufficient protection from external influences and against possible contamination. If necessary, it shall permit antimicrobial treatment. 

The demand for antistatic, electromagnetic shielding and related additives in the plastics industry is driven partly by sales of electrical and electronic equipment, much of which requires antistatic packaging and housings. Antistats have an important role in office equipment, reducing paper jams. Clean rooms for the manufacture of chip trays and silicon wafer cases need antistatic and other additives with low ion contamination and low volatile eontent, which implies pine substances. Medical monitoring equipment and aircraft instrumentation need to be protected from electronic interference. 

The type of primary packaging also has an influence on product protection during use by the consumer. Aerosols generally provide good product protection. Filled into the can and pressurized with propellant gas, the very nature of its packaging protects the product from exposure to potential contamination. Nevertheless, even this... 

Several other cases of packaging related taints are listed in Table 7.4. These taints involved laminates, metal-paper combinations, and metal cans. Laminates need adhesives to bind the layers together, and the adhesives were contaminated with residual solvents. The paper-metal tube taint involved closing the package before the solvent used to apply a triglyceride lubricant had an opportunity to evaporate from the metal tube lid. The solvent was sealed inside the tube with the product. The final examples in Table 7.4 are tainting from metal cans. In each of these cases, the contamination came from the lacquer fining used on the inner can surface. Foods must be protected from the can and the can from the food. This necessitates the application of a polymer film on the inside of the can surface. Any residual solvent or trace contaminants in this lacquer would potentially taint the can contents. 

This involves protection of the packaged item from biological contaminants such as micro-organisms. 

Packaging must be used to protect the food from these contaminants. 

A case provides mechanical support and protection for the devices, interconnects, and substrate mounted in it it also helps to dissipate heat during component operation and offers protection to the contents of the package from environmental stresses, contaminants, and, in the case of hermetic packages, moisture. 

Permeability and barrier resistance In the past, the usual materials used to contain food, gasoline, chemicals, perfumes, medication, and many other items that keep them from permeating or being contaminated were metal and glass. For over a century, however, plastic containers have been entering the arena of packaging. At first only certain plastics could be used, which were usually rather thick or heavy compared with what is used today. There have been various plastics that could provide permeability protection. 

Plastics are extensively used in medicine to package drugs, ointments, and accessories. Plastics serve to protect medicines, surgical/ clinical equipment, medical materials, etc. from contamination and breakage in many ways, from single-service squeeze packs of cough syrup to carrying cases used to ship human eyes between hospital eye banks. 

Due to the low volatility of cyromazine and the use of water-soluble bags for packaging the Trigard formulation, the main routes of exposure were expected to be from direct contact with the product or spray mixture on contaminated surfaces. Previous experience with pesticides worker exposure studies indicated that exposure from vapors or spray mist would be a minor factor. This can easily be confirmed by the PHED or similar published sources however, the extent of exposure from inhaling the product as dust is less well known. This route of exposure was also assumed to be minor, particularly with the use of water-soluble bag packaging. Given the low mammalian toxicity of cyromazine, the operators did not wear respiratory protection. 

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