Consumers consumption statistics

Sodium hypochlorite solutions are used extensively in swimming pool sanitation and as a bleach in the pulp and textile industries. A less-concentrated product (5% available chlorine) is used in laundries and as household bleach. Consumption statistics for 1982 indicate that 210 x 10 tons of sodium hypochlorite were consumed in the United States alone. World consumption of soium hypochlorite for household use is estimated to be 426 X 10 metric tons annually in 2005. The reaction described in this experiment illustrates the use of liquid bleach (11.5-12.5% available chlorine) as an oxidizing agent in the organic laboratory. 

In the United States the level of decaffeinated coffee consumption increased more than fourfold between 1962 and 1989 and is now about 220 000 tonnes per annum. About 17% of the population drink decaffeinated coffee (the proportion increased from 15.8% to 16.7% between 1988 and 1989) and each drinker consumes about 2.4 cups per day. Consumption statistics for the period 1962 to 1989 are given in Table 5.5 and the effects of age and sex are summarised in Table 5.6. 

In 1990, Vatten et al.51 in Norway subsequently reviewed data on breast cancer risk from a cohort of 14,593 women with 152 cases of breast cancer during a follow up of 12 years on subjects who were between 35 and 51 years old at the beginning of the study and between 46 and 63 years at the end. They reported no overall statistically significant correlation between breast cancer and coffee consumption, but when body mass index was taken into account, lean women who consumed >5 cups per day had a lower risk than women who drank two cups or less. In obese women, however, there was a positive correlation between coffee intake and breast cancer. In a 1993 study, though, Folsom and associates52 failed to find an association between caffeine and postmenopausal breast cancer in 34,388 women in the Iowa Women s Health Study, with a median caffeine intake of 212 mg/day in women who developed breast cancer and 201 mg/day for women who did not and in Denmark, Ewertz53 studied... 

The most complete set of statistics is that published in the United States of America, which showed a total consumption of industrial explosives in 1977 of 1 680 000 tonnes. Details of the types of explosives consumed and the industries using the products are given in Tables 1.2 and 1.3 respectively. 

Our empirical evaluation of competition between pharmaceuticals was based on information on prescription drug consumption by non-hospital patients in the National Health Service (NHS) in England in 19% and the Sistema Nacional de Salud or SNS (National Health System) in Spain in 1997. The authors wish to thank Statistics Division IE of the UK Department of Health and the Directorate-General of Pharmacy and Health Products of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs for supplying us with these data. As can be seen from Table 4.1, public consumption of pharmaceuticals... 

First, a solution should be found to the problem of the accessibility of data on the consumption and sale of medicines at the various levels of aggregation both the public data published by the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and the private data by Intercontinental Medical Systems (IMS). We think it would be possible to reach an agreement that would safeguard the privacy of the individual, statistical secrecy and the commercial interests of the dmg... 

The US-EPA Child Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (US-EPA 2006), first published in 2002, consolidates all children s exposure factors data into one document. The document provides a summary of the available and up-to-date statistical data on various factors assessing children s exposures. These factors include drinking water consumption soil ingestion inhalation rates dermal factors including skin area and soil adherence factors consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, meats, dairy products, homegrown foods, and breast milk activity patterns body weight consumer products and life expectancy. 

The situation in Fiji is complicated, as it is elsewhere, by the prevalence of other types of marine intoxications, e.g. scrombrotoxicity and those associated with the consumption of the internal organs of bottom species and crustaceans. The ethnic composition of the population in the various island groups also influences the morbidity statistics. Fijian Indians purchase less fish than Melanesians (11). While by and large the islands commercial fishermen are Fijian Indians, the rural/urban distribution of the population, and food preferences suggest that Melanesian Fijians consume more fresh fish than their Indian counterparts. Incidence may be influenced by relative ethnic composition and food preferences in a given area. 

Consumption of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drags in other developed countries is also quite high as is reflected in Table 1.7. Most widely used almost across the board in those countries is acetylsalicyclic acid and paracetamol. Beyond these two, it is apparent that the pattern of use of the other pain medications is quite diverse, with some pain relievers more popular in some countries than in others. Although the statistics are not readily available, pain relief medications are also the most consumed per capita in developing countries. 

UNODC statistics take all of this information into consideration and suggest that there are between 15 and 16 million methamphetamine users worldwide, i.e. a similar number as heroin or cocaine users at the global level. The number of amphetamine users is estimated to be lower, at around 4 million people. A further 5 million people are estimated to consume various diverted pharmaceutical preparations or other illegal stimulants, such as methcathinone. Again, it is important to recall that these are only tentative estimates based on information made available to UNODC by Member States. Furthermore, one should be aware that the actual numbers for the individual substances could be slightly higher as poly-drug use is known to be common, and could well extend to ATS consumption as well.1... 

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