Prices, consumer

The range of consumer prices for water in the developed countries in 1990 ranged from about 9.90 in Norway to 45.28 in Greece, per 28.3 m, or 0.35—1.60/m. In comparison, 1993 water costs from large desalination plants were in the 1.50—2.00/m range (25). 

Tn the early to mid-1980s, retail gas prices began to rise as the more expensive new gas constituted an increasing percentage of the pipelines average cost of gas. This drove consumer prices above the level that would exist in a competitive market, and demand for natural gas was subsequently reduced as large industrial customers switched to other fuels. Also reducing demand were the Fuel Use Act, which prohibited the use of natural gas as a boiler fuel, increased consen a-tion by residential and commercial customers, warnier-than-normal winters, and an economic recession. 

The world use of economic poisons can be expanded. There are simple basic factors retarding this expansion prohibitive consumer prices, lack of equipment with which to make proper field application, lack of skilled personnel in countries needing the benefits of economic poisons, exaggerated claims of nontechnical salesmen, and difficulties involved in labeling the export products. 

The analysis of the contribution made by increased pharmaceutical spending to the growth in the per capita intensity of health resources suffers from major measurement problems that deprive available indicators of any value. Traditional pharmaceutical price indexes (such as the Laspeyres index, used to calculate the pharmaceutical component of the consumer price index) provide little relevant information in a market in which the introduction of therapeutic innovations is of prime importance the indexes show an apparent freeze, and sometimes even a steep drop (as in the Spanish case). However, the steady rise in the average price per prescription paints a very different picture. 

Rovira s proposals22 regarding drug price indexes are still relevant today. Lobato19 considers that the consumer price index (CPI) is not a suitable deflator for series of pharmaceutical expenditure (it leads to absurd conclusions real consumption would not have risen between 1969 and 1989). A deflator built on authorized price reviews leads to the opposite result, likewise illogical (the Social Security demand cannot have risen 12.5 times between 1969 and 1989). Consequently, the author constructs an ad hoc deflator which... 

Germany Own or children s health Support of organic Occasional consumers Price, poor availability, shopping... 

Table 6.6 Consumer price premiums (%) for organic products in selected EU member states (2002)...

Consumers contributions to the cost of their medicines are limited by safety net thresholds, which are adjusted annually in relation to the consumer price index (CPI). Under the PBS the maximum cost for a listed item on 1 January 2005 is AUD 4.60 for concessional patients and AUD 28.60 for general patients, except where... 

A. Philipossian, F. Sanaulla, K. Lopez, CMP Consumables Pricing and the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, presented at the 3rd Annual Workshop on Chemical Mechanical Polishing, Lake Placid, NY, Aug. 16-19, 1998. 

Estimating equation (7.1) yielded an estimate of p of 0.0054 (f-stat = 3.01). This implies that the overall unweighted mean annual rate of FSS price increase of vaccine products during the period 1993-2002 was 0.54%. During the same period, the mean annual rate of increase of the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 2.44%. Hence this implies that the realESS price (the ratio of the nominal FSS price to the Consumer Price Index) declined at an average annual rate of 1.90%. 

We also estimated a variant of equation (7.1), in which the continuous variable fwas replacedby a set ofbinary variables for year (a variable for 1993, 1994, etc.). The coefficients on these year variables, which show changes in the vaccine price index, crude and adjusted for the Consumer Price Index,... 

Between 1993 and 1999, the FSS declined 11%, while the Consumer Price Index increased 15%. Hence, the real or relative price of vaccines decreased about 26% in this period. In contrast, from 1999 to 2002, the vaccine price index increased 19%, while the Consumer Price Index increased by 8% the real or relative price of vaccines increased about 11% in this period. 

The Centers for Disease Control data indicate that the nominal price of vaccines was quite stable from 1992 to 1995. It increased about 7% in 1996, but then declined, and was at about the same level in 1999 as it had been in 1992. Since the Consumer Price Index increased by 15% between 1992 and 1999, this implies that the real or relative price of vaccines declined by about 15% between 1992 and 1999. However, between 1999 and 2002, the nominal price of vaccines purchased by Centers for Disease Control increased 20%, and the real price increased 12%. 

Subsidies have an additional benefit to increasing farmers income - farmers are able to sell their produce more cheaply, thereby reducing consumer prices and therefore demand. However,... 

Excessive consumer prices and inconsistent quality and availability. 

US Department of Commerce. 2004. Pharmaceutical Price Controls in OECD Countries Implications for U.S. Consumers, Pricing, Research and Development, and Innovation. Available at http //www. ita.doc.gov/drugpricingstudy [Accessed February 5, 2006]. 

CPIX Consumer Price Index - excluding certain interest rates... 

This exercise requires appropriate computer software. The computations required can be done with RATS, EViews, Stata, TSP, LIMDEP, and a variety of other software using only preprogrammed procedures.) Quarterly data on the consumer price index for 1950.1 to 2000.4 are given in Appendix Table F5.1. Use these data to fit the model proposed by Engle and Kraft (1983). The model is n, - / 0 + P 7I,-1 + fhXt-2 + + Pi.1t,.4 + ,... 

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