Constructive Interpreter

Together, these decomposition approaches argue for combining functional, goal, and structural perspectives of the plant, as needed, in constructing interpretation systems. With any of these hierarchical approaches, each node in the hierarchy can be construed to define a localized interpreter. 

Strickland-Constable42 offers a constructive interpretation of the behavior of carbon when subjected to increasing temperature, based on analogous behavior of organic compounds containing oxygen. Such organic compounds decompose to yield carbon monoxide and dioxide at widely different temperatures the decomposition... 

Chew, E., J. Liu, and A.R.J. Fran9ois. 2006. ESP Roadmaps as Constructed Interpretations and Guides to Expressive Performance. Pp. 137-145 in Proceedings of the First Workshop on Audio and Music Computing for Multi-media, Santa Barbara, California, October 27, 2006. 

From a comparison and fair construction [interpretation] of these several modes of expression, is to be deduced the authority, under which the Convention acted. They were to frame a national government, adequate to the exigencies of government and of the Union, and to reduce the articles of confederation into such form as to accomplish these purposes. 

This article, therefore, vests the judicial with a power to resolve all questions that may arise on any case on the construction [interpretation] of the constitution, either in law or in equity. 

The conditions of temperature and concentration that produce the various solution phases in surfactant-solvent systems can be determined (with a great deal of laboratory work) by the construction of phase diagrams. The construction-interpretation of such diagrams is a complex undertaking that is beyond the scope of this work. However, sufficient literature exists to permit certain generalizations that will help in understanding the activity of most reasonably simple surfactant systems. 

For homogeneous NDT data and repeatable inspection conditions successful automated interpretation systems can relatively easily be developed. They usually use standard techniques from statistical classification or artificial intelligence. Design of successful automated interpretation systems for heterogeneous data coming form non-repeatable, small volume inspections with little a-priori information about the pieces or constructions to be inspected is far more difficult. This paper presents an approach which can be used to develop such systems. 

Availability of a representative set of data examples. Such a set may significantly simplify construction of any automatic interpretation system. The example data is usually obtained from calibration pieces, however, they usually represent only the most common defects and are usually expensive to manufacture. Recently more and more data is stored as digital inspection records, unfortunately the stored data is rarely fully classified, as this would increase the cost of inspection (usually only the serious defects are given full description in the reports). 

Case-based reasoning. The main advantage of CBR systems for NDT data interpretation is that they can cope with data coming from inspection of varying constructions under varying conditions with various system settings due to their ability to learn from the data classified by the operator. In such situations no reliahle statistical classifier can be designed, and the rule-hased classifiers would be either very inefficient or unpractically complex. 

The first system called LiSSA has been developed for interpretation of data from eddy-current inspection of heat exchangers. The data that has to be interpreted consists of a complex impedance signal which can be absolute and/or differential and may be acquired in several frequencies. The interpretation of data is done on the basis of the plot of the signal in the impedance plane the type of defect and/or construction is inferred from the signal shape, the depth from the phase, and the volume is roughly proportional to the signal amplitude. 

Our experiences with the software developed within the ANDES project have shown that CBR is a helpful methodology for use in the interpretation of NDT data from field inspections. Because CBR systems can adapt to new situations they can cope with inspection of varying constructions in varying conditions. However, because CBR systems learn from classifications made by the operator this means that they will not be very useful for completely automatic interpretation. Fortunately, most of the NDT inspection requires the presence of an operator because of the required high reliability. 

All the work is mechanised with an assigned scanning density, this allowing comparison of the UT results in repeated diagnostics of the constructions. Mechanical scanning practically eliminates overlooking of metal defects. Interpretation of the... 

The construction of an aberration-corrected TEM proved to be teclmically more demanding the point resolution of a conventional TEM today is of the order of 1-2 A. Therefore, the aim of a corrected TEM must be to increase the resolution beyond the 1 A barrier. This unplies a great number of additional stability problems, which can only be solved by the most modem technologies. The first corrected TEM prototype was presented by Flaider and coworkers [M]- Eigure BE 17.9 shows the unprovement in image quality and interpretability gained from the correction of the spherical aberration in the case of a materials science sample. 

At this stage, we would like to mention that the model, without the vector potential, is constructed in such a way that it obeys certain selection rules, namely, only the even —> even and the odd —> odd transitions are allowed. Thus any deviation in the results from these selection rules will be interpreted as a symmetry change due to non-adiabatic effects from upper electronic states. 

Other methods consist of algorithms based on multivariate classification techniques or neural networks they are constructed for automatic recognition of structural properties from spectral data, or for simulation of spectra from structural properties [83]. Multivariate data analysis for spectrum interpretation is based on the characterization of spectra by a set of spectral features. A spectrum can be considered as a point in a multidimensional space with the coordinates defined by spectral features. Exploratory data analysis and cluster analysis are used to investigate the multidimensional space and to evaluate rules to distinguish structure classes. 

John von Neuman, one of the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century, believed that the sciences, in essence, do not try to explain, they hardly even try to interpret they mainly make models. By a model he meant a mathematical construct that, with the addition of certain verbal interpretations, describes observed phenomena. The justification of such a mathematical construct is solely and precisely that it is expected to work. Stephen Hawking also believes that physical theories are just mathematical models we construct and that it is meaningless to ask whether they correspond to reality, just as it is to ask whether they predict observations. 

Probability in Bayesian inference is interpreted as the degree of belief in the truth of a statement. The belief must be predicated on whatever knowledge of the system we possess. That is, probability is always conditional, p(X l), where X is a hypothesis, a statement, the result of an experiment, etc., and I is any information we have on the system. Bayesian probability statements are constructed to be consistent with common sense. This can often be expressed in tenns of a fair bet. As an example, I might say that the probability that it will rain tomorrow is 75%. This can be expressed as a bet I will bet 3 that it will rain tomorrow, if you give me 4 if it does and nothing if it does not. (If I bet 3 on 4 such days, I have spent 12 I expect to win back 4 on 3 of those days, or 12). 

If the spectra of the k relevant components are known, the abstract matrices can be transformed into interpretable spectra and concentration matrices, respectively, and as a final result, one obtains the required component depth profile. If one or more of the spectra of the k relevant components are not known, a quantified component depth profile cannot be constructed. 

It is worthwhile to present this episode in eonsiderable detail, beeause it eneapsulates very elearly what was new in physieal metallurgy in the middle of the eentury. The elements are an aecurate theory of the effects in question, preferably without disposable parameters and, to check the theory, the use of a technique of measurement (the Snoek pendulum) which is simple in the extreme in construction and use but subtle in its quantitative interpretation, so that theory ineluctably comes into the measurement itself. It is impossible that any handwaver could ever have conceived the use of a pendulum to measure dissolved carbon concentrations ... 

A team consists of two or more people that know the process technology, design, operating procedures, practices, alarms, emergency procedures, test and maintenance procedures, routine and non-routine tasks. They must consider authorization and procurement of parts and supplies, safety and health standards, codes, specifications and regulations. The team leader provides m.iriagcment and goals to the process the team and consultants construct and interpret the analyses. 

This PSA construction process provides results but tends to obscure the interpretation of what led to these results. Sensitivity analyses are basically studies of the effect on risk due to small or large changes in system/component reliability or operability (see Section 2.8). 

However, as mentioned previously, orthotropic laminae are often constructed in such a manner that the principal material coordinates do not coincide with the natural coordinates of the body. This statement is not to be interpreted as meaning that the material itself is no longer orthotropic instead, we are just looking at an orthotropic material in an unnatural manner, i.e., in a coordinate system that is oriented at some angle to the principal material coordinate system. Then, the basic question is given the stress-strain relations In the principal material coordinates, what are the stress-strain relations in x-y coordinates ... 

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