Conservation research literature

There are a huge number of applications of GC/MS to lipid analysis in cultural heritage reported in the literature. Lipid characterization, together with the study of lipid degradation processes, is an important research area in conservation science [1 31]. 

Applied research recently reported in the literature has been conducted mostly on marine iron wrecks, aiming at evaluating the efficiency of chloride removal from the artifacts from a marine site under cathodic polarization [301] as well as the use of impressed current-cathodic protection to conserve parts of the first ironclad warship [302]. 

The over-all scheme was devised purely from the standpoint of the needs of Gulf Research Development Co. Certain operations, such as the preparation of bulletins concurrently with making selections for the files, have been discussed only to make the picture complete and to illustrate how time may be conserved by combining collection of material for the files with other existing operations. The salient feature of the scheme is the continuous collection, classification, and filing of literature and patents. This operation has been found most helpful in the preparation of surveys and is passed on to others for whatever use they may care to make of it. 

Many of the bleaching processes are derived from the paper industry as paper pulps often need to be bleached before being formed into paper products. Much more research has been carried out on bleaching than has ever been done by conservation scientists and the paper science literature is a good place for any paper conservation scientist wanting more information. 

Mutual Understanding. If we are to successfully encourage wood scientists to research areas that have application to conservation problems, scientists must be able to understand, if not appreciate, what constitutes both conservation problems and conservation solutions. On the other hand, if they are to become familiar with wood science literature and to apply wood science experimental results to conservation problems, conservators must be able to understand and appreciate the variability of wood, the results of degradation processes, and how these conditions affect the types of questions that can be answered, as well as the types of answers that the wood sciences can supply to conservation questions. 

The best way to determine efficiency is to have data for the chemical system in the same type of column of the same size at the same vapor velocity. If velocity varies, then the efficiency will follow Figure 10-13. The Fractionation Research Institute (FRl) has reams of efficiency data, but until recently, most of the data were available to members only. Most large chemical and oil conpanies belong to FRI. The second best approach is to have efficiency data for the same chemical system but with a different type of tray. Much of the data available in the literature are for bubble-cap or sieve trays. Usually, the efficiency of valve trays is equal to or better than sieve tray efficiency, which is equal to or better than bubble-cap tray efficiency. Thus, if bubble-cap efficiencies are used for a valve tray column, the design will be conservative. The third best approach is to use efficiency data for a similar chemical system... 

It is an interesting question how toxic deuterium or heavy water is to humans. If it is accepted on the basis of animal experiments that the critical deuterium concentration (the double of which would cause severe physiological effects) is about 10%, then one can easily estimate that a person of 70 kg may drink 4.81 heavy water or 1.21 per day for 4 days without serious consequences (Forstel 1978). Thus, heavy water cannot be considered toxic to humans. This is an important conclusion, since stable isotopes (e.g., heavy water for the estimation of total body water) are widely used in clinical research and diagnosis (Krumbiegel 1991). In the literature, one can find also some more conservative estimates as far as the application risk of the deuterium in the form of heavy water is concerned, for example, Jones and Leatherdale (1991) suggest that the threshold for noticeable side-effects exists at the dosage between 70 and 140 g of 100% D2O. 

Research the numerical simulation literature in reservoir engineering and state the differences between upwind, central, and downwind approximations. These were first discussed by Lantz (1971) in a onedimensional context. What are their modem multidimensional extensions What are their implications for mass conservation Sharpness of the saturation front discontinuity Accuracy in predicting water breakthrough time Relative oil and water production Effect on numerical stability ... 

In sum, there is a marked absence in the botanical literature of any kind of useful, portable, illustrated identification guide to the trees (or indeed, any plants) of the Sangha Trinational Area. The available literature tends to be either too detailed and specialised for those unfamiliar with botanical jargon, or inappropriate for species-level identification in the area of interest. Part cause, and part effect, of this is an associated lack of botanical expertise among local researchers in identifying native tree species. These two factors - the lack of trained personnel and the lack of taxonomic resources - combine to result in a dearth of reliable plant identifications upon which to base research and conservation. 

Biodiversity Information Facility, from where they can be accessed through the new, user-friendly search and mapping portal. The data model covers observations documented by digital images, soimd recordings, literature and other sources, and is intended to provide baseUne data both for taxonomic research purposes as well as conservation assessment and management needs. 

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