Concentration normality

Chemical Properties. Under slightly acidic or basic conditions at room temperature, acetate and triacetate fibers are resistant to chlorine bleach at the concentrations normally used in laundering. 

Zinc and Zinc Alloys. Zinc metal is highly reactive in acid solutions such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric dissolving rapidly at acid concentrations normally used to pickle steel and aluminum. Dilute (1—4%) solutions of these acids can be used with caution to remove zinc oxides. 

Plants producing oleum or Hquid SO typically have one or two additional packed towers irrigated with oleum ahead of the normal SO absorption towers. Partial absorption of SO occurs in these towers, and sulfuric acid is added to maintain desired oleum concentrations. Normally, oleum up to about 35 wt % free SO content can be made in a single tower two towers are used for 40 wt % SO. Liquid SO is produced by heating oleum in a boder to generate SO gas, which is then condensed. Oleums containing SO >40 wt % are usually produced by mixing SO with low concentration oleum. 

The term endocrine disrupter (ED) has tended to be used for those chemicals which act specifically at the level of the hormone receptor present in the target cells of various organs. Such chemicals may either mimic the action of the natural hormone (agonistic activity) or are sufficiently similar in molecular shape to the naturally produced hormone to interfere with the interaction between the hormone and receptor, thus blocking or impeding the activation of the receptor (antagonsitic activity). Such effects may occur at very low concentrations (as with the endogenous hormone), compared with the concentrations normally required to elicit the more traditional toxic effects attributed to chemicals. Recently,... 

Neutron reflectivity measures the variation in concentration normal to the surface of the specimen. This concentration at any depth is averaged over the coherence length of the neutrons (on the order of 1 pm) parallel to the sur ce. Consequendy, no information can be obtained on concentration variadons parallel to the sample surface when measuring reflectivity under specular conditions. More imponantly, however, this mandates that the specimens be as smooth as possible to avoid smearing the concentration profiles. 

Boussinesq and Cerruti made use of potential theory for the solution of contact problems at the surface of an elastic half space. One of the most important results is the solution to the displacement associated with a concentrated normal point load P applied to the surface of an elastic half space. As presented in Johnson [49]... 

These processes are characterized by a high capability of absorbing large amounts of acid gases. They use a solution of a relatively weak base, such as monoethanolamine. The acid gas forms a weak bond with the base which can be regenerated easily. Mono- and diethanolamines are frequently used for this purpose. The amine concentration normally ranges between 15 and 30%. Natural gas is passed through the amine solution where sulfides, carbonates, and bicarbonates are formed. 

As a rule of thumb, a person s risk drops about 25% for each increase of 5 mg/dL in HDL concentration. Normal values are about 45 mg/dL for men and 55 mg/dL for women, perhaps explaining why premenopausal women appear to be somewhat less susceptible than men to heart disease. 

Recombination reactions between two different macroradicals are readily observable in the condensed state where molecular mobility is restricted and the concentration of radicals is high. Its role in flow-induced degradation is probably negligible at the polymer concentration normally used in these experiments (< 100 ppm), the rate of radical formation is extremely small and the radicals are immediately separated by the velocity gradient at the very moment of their formation. Thus there is no cage effect, which otherwise could enhance the recombination efficiency. 

Equation (1) merely states that the general distribution law applies to the system and that the adsorption isotherm is linear. At the concentrations normally employed in liquid chromatographic separations this will be true. 

The reactants are then mixed in various proportions, and the sedimentation ratio (scompiex/smucin)—the ratio of the sedimentation coefficient of the complex to that of the pure mucin itself—is used as the measure for mucoad-hesion. The ultra-violet absorption optics on the XL-A or XL-1 ultracentrifuge have been used as the main optical detection system. Although the polysaccharide is generally invisible in the near UV ( 280 nm), at the concentrations normally employed the mucin—in uncomplexed and complexed form—is detectable. 

Any acid that undergoes quantitative reaction with water to produce hydronium ions and the appropriate anion is called a strong acid. Table gives the structures and formulas of six common strong acids, all of which are supplied commercially as concentrated aqueous solutions. These solutions are corrosive and normally are diluted for routine use in acid-base chemistry. At the concentrations normally used in the laboratory, a solution of any strong acid in water contains H3 O and anions that result from the loss of a proton. Example shows a molecular view of the proton transfer reaction of a strong acid. 

A change in pH of one unit reflects a tenfold change in hydronium ion concentration Normal rainfall has pH 5, but acid rain has ten times larger hydronium ion concentration, pH 4. 

FIGURE 3.11 Relationship between aqueous MeHg on unfiltered water samples and fish (laigemouth bass) Hg concentration normalized to length from streams across the United States. Source From Brumbaugh etal. 2001.)... 

Phosphorus and sulfur are present in pig iron and need to be removed in steel making because these elements, if present in any significant quantities in the steel, result in deterioration of its mechanical properties. The concentration normally tolerated is 0.04% for each of these elements, though in high-quality steels much lower levels are required. 

Elevated serum creatinine concentration (normal range approximately 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL [53 to 106 pmol/L])... 

More than 99% of total body calcium is found in bone the remaining less than 1% is in the ECF and ICE Calcium plays a critical role in the transmission of nerve impulses, skeletal muscle contraction, myocardial contractions, maintenance of normal cellular permeability, and the formation of bones and teeth. There is a reciprocal relationship between the serum calcium concentration (normally 8.6 to 10.2 mg/dL [2.15 to 2.55 mmol/L]) and the serum phosphate concentration that is regulated by a complex interaction between parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. About one-half of the serum calcium is bound to plasma proteins the other half is free ionized calcium. Given that the serum calcium has significant protein binding, the serum calcium concentration must be corrected in patients who have low albumin concentrations (the major serum protein). The most commonly used formula adds 0.8 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L) of calcium for each gram of albumin deficiency as follows ... 

If initial solute uptake rate is determined from intestinal tissue incubated in drug solution, uptake must be normalized for intestinal tissue weight. Alternative capacity normalizations are required for vesicular or cellular uptake of solute (see Section VII). Cellular transport parameters can be defined either in terms of kinetic rate-time constants or in terms of concentration normalized flux [Eq. (5)]. Relationships between kinetic and transport descriptions can be made on the basis of information on solute transport distances. Note that division of Eq. (11) or (12) by transport distance defines a transport resistance of reciprocal permeability (conductance). 

One of the methods of concentrating normal rubber latex the rubber globules rise to the surface of the heavier serum, the process usually being hastened by the addition of creaming agents such as ammonium alginate. 

The Effect of Crosslinker Concentration on the Rate of Polymerization. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is used most frequently as the crosslinker for HEMA formulations useful in contact lens manufacturing. To demonstrate the effect of crosslinker concentration on the curing rate, formulations derived from HEMA/Glycerine/BME at 85/15/0.17, while varying EGDMA (from 0.34 to 0.68), the peak times were about the same (3.73 and 3.61 minutes respectively). This is reasonable due to the similarity in molecular structure of the crosslinker and the monomer, and the low amount of crosslinker used. The possible presence of other crosslinker, such as the dimerization product of HEMA, is even less a factor to be considered in polymerization kinetics, due to low concentration (normally much less than 0.1 %, in-house information). 

Food concentration normal with no overt adverse signs of TBTO exposure noted in adults. Decreased hatchability and increase in percent of chicks found dead in the shell were noted at 60 and 150 mg/kg food. Egg production and eggshell thickness normal. Abnormal blood chemistry and hepatic EROD noted in parent birds treated with TBTO (Coenen etal. 1992)... 

The synovial fluid is characterized by a large number of polymorphonuclear cells, elevated protein concentrations, normal glucose concentrations, and sterile cultures. 

In the high concentration regime, our SCP is different from a typical SCP observed in Case II diffusion. Specifically, our SCP lacks the sharp solvent front(fig.8). The abrupt increase in solvent concentration normally observed is due to the long relaxation time of the polymer chain in response to solvent plasticization. Then, the absence of this feature points to a very rapid relaxation of PMMA chains by MEK. This is probably due to a good match in the solubility parameters of PMMA and MEK ( =9.3 for both). 

A petroleum product is excluded even if it contains other listed hazardous substances provided that those substances were not added to the oil after the refining process, and are found at concentrations normally detected in crude oil or refined petroleum products. Just what is a petroleum product is important since such determination will decide if it meets the criteria for exclusion. The two issues are (1) is the material released a petroleum product, and (2) does it contain hazardous substances otherwise listed by the EPA, which limits the applicability of the exclusion to the release in question. The EPA in 1985 interpreted the petroleum exclusion to pertain to... 

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