Concentrates—High Quality Concentrate

This process is also used to obtain very highly concentrated, high-quality isolates from plant juices [23] and the recovery of volatiles from waste streams, notably apple or berry pumice, citrus and onion waste [22]. For example, the see is claimed to efficiently recover more than 90% of the citrus essential oils traditionally lost with the centrifuge waste [22]. 

Hard Surface Cleaner-All Purpose D-Limonene Cleaner-High Quality Concentrate... 

Hard Surface Cleaners-All Purpose Hard Surface Cleaner Liquid Concentrate-High Quality with... 

Hard Surface Cleaner Liouid Concentrate-High Quality Non-... 

Foam Marker Concentrates, High Quality High Viscosity... 

Membrane processes can be potentially used to recover organic and inorganic constituents for recycle/reuse. In these applications, the separation scheme must be developed to produce a high quality concentrate. 

For housed ruminants, the increases in heat loss associated with a 1 °C fall in environmental temperature are comparable (10-20 kJ per kg per day) to those for pigs and poultry, but are much greater (20-40 kJ) for ruminants kept out of doors and exposed to wind and rain. In ruminants it is often possible to influence heat production by changing the quality of the diet. Metabolisable energy derived from low-quality forage-based diets is used with a lower efficiency (k) than that derived from high-quality concentrate-based diets, and thus more heat is liberated to keep the animal warm. 

Phthalide. In a 1 litre bolt-head flask stir 90 g. of a high quality zinc powder to a thick paste with a solution of 0 5 g. of crystallised copper sulphate in 20 ml. of water (this serves to activate the zinc), and then add 165 ml. of 20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution. Cool the flask in an ice bath to 5°, stir the contents mechanically, and add 73-5 g. of phthalimide in small portions at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 8° (about 30 minutes are required for the addition). Continue the stirring for half an hour, dilute with 200 ml. of water, warm on a water bath imtil the evolution of ammonia ceases (about 3 hours), and concentrate to a volume of about 200 ml. by distillation vmder reduced pressure (tig. 11,37, 1). Filter, and render the flltrate acid to Congo red paper with concentrated hydrochloric acid (about 75 ml. are required). Much of the phthalide separates as an oil, but, in order to complete the lactonisation of the hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, boil for an hour transfer while hot to a beaker. The oil solidifles on cooling to a hard red-brown cake. Leave overnight in an ice chest or refrigerator, and than filter at the pump. The crude phthalide contains much sodium chloride. RecrystaUise it in 10 g. portions from 750 ml. of water use the mother liquor from the first crop for the recrystaUisation of the subsequent portion. Filter each portion while hot, cool in ice below 5°, filter and wash with small quantities of ice-cold water. Dry in the air upon filter paper. The yield of phthalide (transparent plates), m.p. 72-73°, is 47 g. 

Ester cmde glycerol is usually of high quality however, salt residue from the esterification catalyst is typically present at a concentration of one... 

There ai e noted the most convenient, simple and chip methods, which ensure the high quality of specimens and can be easily combined with different techniques for analytical pre-concentration of impurities. In particulaidy, it is proposed to make specimens in the form of gel, film or glass in the case of XRF analysis of concentrates obtained by low-temperature crystallization of aqueous solutions. One can prepai e film or organogel specimens from organic concentrates obtained by means of extraction of impurities by organic solvent. Techniques for XRF analysis of drinking, natural and wastewater using considered specimens ai e adduced. 

During the high-temperature operations, intermolecular hydrogen transfer reactions occur, transforming some indene to indane. The high indane concentration in the resin feedstock causes low yield and poor quality in the polymerization process. The indene loss can be reduced by decreasing the temperature and the residence time during distillation. 

Large quantities of solvents are employed for sample preparation, in particular, and these are then concentrated down to a few milliliters. So particularly high quality materials that are as free as possible from residual water and especially free from nonvolatile or not readily volatile impurities ought to be employed here such impurities are enriched on concentration and can lead to gross contamination. The same considerations also apply to preparative chromatography. Special solvents of particular purity are now available. 

Another critical factor could be image. High-technology companies like to reinforce their image by having addresses that are synonymous with education and science. Others may want to associate themselves with an area traditional for high-quality manufacturing or research and development such as in the pharmaceutical industry, which is concentrated in Switzerland. 

The fluorine concentration in hydrofluorides of tantalum and niobium is an extremely important issue. Fluorine that separates into the gaseous phase interacts with the construction elements of the furnaces, leading to additional contamination of the final product by silicon, aluminum, etc. Thus, it is recommended to perform diying in crucibles made of Teflon or polypropylene with appropriate temperature limitations. Use of crucibles made of carbon-glass ensures high quality and a broad working temperature range, at least up to 300-350°C. 

This chapter will concentrate on the very high quality detectors that are needed in scientific imagers and spectrographs, and other applications that require high sensitivity, such as acquisition and guiding, adaptive optics and interferometry. We limit our discussion to focal plane arrays - large two-dimensional arrays of pixels - as opposed to single pixel detectors (e.g., avalanche photodiodes). 

---