Modules compressor

A supplementary eompressor (eonsisting of commercial off-the-shelf compressor or standard compressor modules) to provide the supplementary airflow up-stream of combustors. 

Regardless of the particular compressor case for the hp you finally derive, Fig. 8.9 is applicable to all cases for both reciprocating and centrifugal-type compressors. See Table 8.28 for compressor module associated cost factors. 

TABLE 8.28 Compressor Module Associated Cost Factor Additions, in Percent (total module cost = base cost x total modular factor)... 

Figure 4. The compressor module and the radiator fan are the biggest parasitic power consumers in the system.

Low Temperature Adsorber Module Regeneration Oxidizer Module Regeneration Module Purified Helium Compressor Module High Temperature Filter Module Piping and Valves... 

Hygrometer Module Assemblies Compressor Module Accumulator Tanks... 

Rail transportable reactor module 2 - Generator module 3 - Compressor module 4 - Heat exchanger module 5 - Auxiliary equipment module 6 - Control room and reserve equipment module 7 - Reserve reactor module. 

The calculation of the turbine expander module depends whether or not this is a single shaft gas turbine or a multiple shaft gas turbine. In aero-derivative turbines, there are usually two or more shafts. In the latest aero-derivative turbines, there are usually two compressor sections, the LP compressor section, and the HP compressor section. This means that the turbine has three shafts the third shaft is the power shaft. The turbines that drive the compressor section are known as the gasifier turbines, and the turbine, which drives the generator, is the power turbine. The gasifier turbine produces the work to drive the compressor. 

Historically, the most popular driver for the centrifugal compressor has been the steam turbine. Steam turbines can readily be speed matched to the compressor. Prior to the upsurge in energy costs, reliability, simplicity, and operational convenience were the primary factors in driver selection. The steam turbine, with its ability to operate over a relatively wide speed range, was ideal for the centrifugal compressor, which could be matched to the process load by speed modulation. 

The inverters are either voltage source or current source (see Figure 7-7a and b). There are other variations, but they apply to drivers smaller than the ones used with compressors. However, pulse-width-modulated (PWM) (see Figure 7-7c), transistorized units are less complicated and are relatively maintenance-free with reliable units available to at least 500 hp. For all but the smaller compressors, the current source inverter is the one typically used. With a six-step voltage source, a rule of thumb has been to size the motor at two-thirds of its rating so as not to exceed the insulation temperature rise. For current source motors, the output torque is not constant with decreased speed, which fortunately is compatible with most compressors, as torque tends to follow speed. For current source drives, one needs to upsize the motor captive transformer by approximately 15% to account for harmonic heating effects. 

Variable Speed Compressor. Evei-y time the compressor cycles on during the first few minutes of running, the compressor works on building up the pressure difference between the evaporator and the condenser, and is extremely inefficient. By letting the compressor run all the time, and modulating its speed according to the refrigeration needs, these periods of inefficiency can be eliminated. 

In 1964 the installed cost for each extruder and its accessory equipment was given as 90,000.25 The indirect costs increase the cost for solids-handling equipment an average of 29%. This gives a bare module cost of 1,180,000 for all 9 extruders and accessories in 1968. No bare module factors are given for extruders. However, an extruder is really a polymer pump, and for pumps and compressors the bare module factor is around 3.25 and the material factor for stainless steel is 2.0. A back calculation gives a 1968 F.O.B. cost of 540,000. 

A fuel cell system for automobile application is shown in Figure 1.5 [41]. At the rated power, the PEMFC stack operates at 2.5 atm. and 80°C to yield an overall system efficiency of 50% (based on lower heating value of hydrogen). Compressed hydrogen and air are humidified to 90% relative humidity at the stack temperature using process water and heat from the stack coolant. A lower system pressure is at part load and is determined by the operating map of the compressor-expander module. Process water is recovered from spent air in an inertial separator just downstream of the stack in a condenser and a demister at the turbine exhaust. 

All hydrocarbon process areas containing materials with gaseous materials that are not adequately ventilated (i.e., would not achieve a minimum of six air changes per hour or would allow the build up of flammable gas due to noncirculating air space). Typically applications include compressor enclosures, process modules in offshore platforms and enclosed arctic facilities. 

All gas compressors should be provided with point gas detection at sealage points and especially if enclosed in a packaged module - interior area detection and at the air intake and exhaust of the driver and compressor. 

Air from the compressor is split into two streams primary air is premixed with the fuel and then fed to the catalyst, which is operated under O2 defect conditions secondary air is used first as a catalyst cooling stream and then mixed with the partially converted stream from the catalyst in a downstream homogeneous section where ignition of gas-phase combustion occurs and complete fuel burnout is readily achieved. The control of the catalyst temperature below 1000 Cis achieved by means of O2 starvation to the catalyst surface, which leads to the release of reaction heat controlled by the mass transfer rate of O2 in the fuel-rich stream and of backside cooling of the catalyst with secondary air. To handle both processes, a catalyst/heat exchanger module has been developed, which consists of a bundle of small tubes externally coated with an active catalyst layer, with cooling air and fuel-rich stream flowing in the tube and in the shell side, respectively [24]. 

The Ergenics unit is modular in construction and portable. Applications include storage for fuel cells and electrolyzers as well as hydride modules for compressors and heat pumps. 

The pulse shaper is a device made of a pair of gratings and lenses, arranged in a zero dispersion compressor, and a liquid crystal modulator placed in the Fourier plane. Liquid crystal arrays allow one to influence independently spectral phase and amplitude with discretization of 128 pixels each. 

This cost should be accounted as part of the direct material and labor cost of the compressor equipment module. 

Figure 8.12 Block diagram and photograph of a contained in the horizontal pressure vessels, membrane fuel-gas conditioning unit (FGCU) The unit produces 0.5-1.0 MMscfd of clean gas. used for a field gas compressor engine (the unit Reproduced with permission from Ind. Eng. uses silicone rubber membranes in spiral-wound Chem. Res. 2008, 47(7), 2109-2121. Copyright modules). The membrane modules are 2008 American Chemical Society [17].

If the same compressor is modulated by discharge throttling and the flow is reduced in a mostly friction process, the compressor must follow Curve I and therefore operate at point (4) at 72% efficiency. However, the mostly friction system curve at this capacity requires only the discharge pressure corresponding to point (3) and therefore the pressure difference between points (2) and (3) will be wasted in the form of a pressure drop across the discharge valve. 

The vapor recompression system uses recovered heat (left). The pressure of such a distillation process can be controlled by modulating the speed of the compressor or the bypass around it (right). 

Rotational speeds vary from approximately 1,800 to 14,000 rpm and can be modulated over a wide range. Such variable speed is an advantage if the turbine is used to drive pumps and compressors or if it is to convert a variable steam flow into electricity, as is the case with thermal solar systems. When provided with the appropriate speed governor, steam turbines can provide excellent speed stability, which is desirable when the turbine serves as the prime mover in electric generators. 

Figure 7 Schematic of the laser system used in the Raman FID and echo experiments. PC = Pulse compressor AOM = acousto-optic modulator PD = photodiode FB = feedback electronics PBS = polarizing beamsplitter 3PBF = 3-plate birefringent filter SDL/LDL = Stokes/Laser dye laser P = pellicle AC = autocorrelator OC = output coupler LBO/KDP = doubling crystals. Final pulses have widths of 0.5-1 ps and energies of 0.3-1 mJ (From Ref. 6.)... 

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