Composition of Paper

In addition to these main components there are also relatively small amounts of organic extractives and trace inorganic materials. The approximate distribution of the three main groups of components together with other trace materials is given in Table 1.4. 

The overall composition of plant fibre cells in terms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is variable and dependent on the degree of lignification. For wood it is approximately 50% carbon, 6% hy- 

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The chemical composition of paper will depend greatly upon the chemical treatment which the wood has been subjected to during its conversion to pulp. When the pulp has received little or no chemical treatment, as in the case of pulp for newsprint, the chemical composition is very similar to that of the native wood. However, in those papers which have been chemically delignified, the composition may be very different. The natural compositions of native wood (softwoods and hardwoods) and the chemical pulps derived from them are shown in Table 2.2. 

What can the library profession do to make available in library records more information on the past history, composition of paper, construction details, etc. of the books in research libraries ... 

The fiber composition of paper is determined with a Hght microscope (fiber microscopy). Due to the varying fiber morphology, both the fiber raw material and the pulping process can be determined. Chemical dyeing methods are used for contrast enhancement and quantitative determination of fiber composition (ZM IV/ 55/74 TAPPI T 401 om-93, Harders-Steinhauser, Paseradas). 

Breunig, A. New perceptions during the qualitative assessment of the fiber composition of papers. 

Glavincevski, B., O.L. Gulder and L. Gardner (1984), Cetane number estimation of diesel fuels from carbon type structural composition . SAE paper No. S4- 34, International fuels and lubricants meeting, Baltimore, MD. 

Montagne, X., D. Merrier and J.-C. Guibet (1987), "Fouling of automotive diesel injectors. Test procedure, influence of composition of diesel oil and additives". SAE paper No. 87-2118, International fuels and lubricants meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

Sirtori, S., P. Garibaldi and F.A. Vicenzetto (1974), Prediction of the combustion properties of gasolines from the analysis of their composition . SAE paper No. 74-1058, International Automobile Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

Pressure-sensitive copying paper containing 431 was recently patented (1650). 2-Thiazolyldiazonium chloride enters in the composition of synthetic fibers with ion-exchange properties (1551). 

Starch is a polysaccharide found in many plant species. Com and potatoes are two common sources of industrial starch. The composition of starch varies somewhat in terms of the amount of branching of the polymer chains (11). Its principal use as a flocculant is in the Bayer process for extracting aluminum from bauxite ore. The digestion of bauxite in sodium hydroxide solution produces a suspension of finely divided iron minerals and siUcates, called red mud, in a highly alkaline Hquor. Starch is used to settle the red mud so that relatively pure alumina can be produced from the clarified Hquor. It has been largely replaced by acryHc acid and acrylamide-based (11,12) polymers, although a number of plants stiH add some starch in addition to synthetic polymers to reduce the level of residual suspended soHds in the Hquor. Starch [9005-25-8] can be modified with various reagents to produce semisynthetic polymers. The principal one of these is cationic starch, which is used as a retention aid in paper production as a component of a dual system (13,14) or a microparticle system (15). 

Rigid paperboard containers are made of paper greater than 0.254 mm (0.010 in) in caUper and include folding cartons, cormgated ftberboard cases, and spiral wound composite cans. Many paperboard cartons require the use of inner liners or overwraps, made of protective grades of paper, plastic, or aluminum foil laminations. 

The TEM is one of the most generally useful microscopes many thousands of them ate in daily use throughout the world. They ate appHcable to the study of ultrafine particles (eg, pigments abrasives and carbon blacks) as well as microtomed thin sections of plant and animal tissue, paper, polymers, composites of all kinds, foods, industrial materials, etc. Even metals can be thinned to sections thin enough for detailed examination. 

F. W. Clarke, The Composition of the Raver and Take Waters of the Ended States, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 135, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1924. 

The growing shortage of hardwood has increased the cost of wooden pallets to a point at which plastic pallets and composites of wood, paper, and plastics are economically feasible. Much development work is being done on plastic-pallet design to handle typical loadings. Because of the cost of disposing of expendable pallets, returnable ones are often Justified. 

In report separately discuss the peculiarities of determination of the anion composition of the solid solutions, that conditioned by ability of diphosphate anion to destruction in water solutions. In given concrete case by most acceptable method of control of the diphosphate anion in the hydrated solid solutions is a traditional method of the quantitative chromatography on the paper. Methodical ways which providing of minimum destruction of the diphosphate anion in the time of preparation of the model to analysis (translation in soluble condition) and during quantitative determination of the P.,0, anion are considered. 

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