Composition of Bio-Oil

The bio-oil contains complex componnds of oxygen and when processed in catalytic processes, they can produce important products of high added value. Table 23.1 shows the different compounds in compositions of bio-oil and oil (petroleum). 

Figure 13,5 Chemical composition of bio-oil at different heating rates...

Viscosity Chemical composition of bio-oil Fairly high and variable with time Greater temperature influence than hydrocarbons... 

Table 6.4 Physical characteristics and elemental composition of bio- and fossil-oils [53].

Garcia, L., French, R., Czemik, S., Chornet, E., Catalytic steam reforming of bio-oils for the production of hydrogen effects of catalyst composition, Appl. 

Based on this ability to manipulate the algal composition, these organisms can be used for the production of different types of biofuel. For example, those algae which are rich in hpids are better suited for the production of bio-oil or biodiesel those rich in starch can be used for alcoholic fermentations to afford ethanol and those rich in proteins and starch can be used for the production of biogas. 

Because of the ease of qualitative analysis, first through distillation to isolate major components and, subsequently, through GLC, volatile oils have consistently attracted the attention of chemotaxonomists. These oils are almost invariably complex mixtures in which monoterpenes and/or sesquiterpenes usually predominate, although the bios)mthetically unrelated phenylpropanes can also be important. Some of the earliest studies on the genetic control of SM involved the oils of mints, Mentha (Murray, 1960). Volatile oils yielded the first properly documented examples of chemical races (Penfold and Morrison, 1927 Sutherland and Park, 1967), while Zavarin and co-workers (1971) provided clear evidence for the impact of environmental factors on the composition of volatile oil. Because of the comparative nature of GLG analysis, volatile oils were among the first compounds to be extensively studied at the population level and to be subjected to numerical analysis. The work of Adams on Juniperus in south-eastern USA... 

Table 5 Composition (summary) of bio-oils obtained from different feedstocks.

Figure 3. Reforming of bio-oil aqueous extract. Gas composition as a fimction of...

Vegetable oil-modified biocomposites are broadly defined as composites of vegetable oil-based resins and synthetic fibres or of bio-based resins and natural fibres. The conventional vegetable oil-based composites mainly consist of a vegetable oil-based polymers matrix. This has been discussed in earlier chapters and the dispersed phase or reinforcing agents, which may be synthetic or natural fibres, are discussed here. 

HYDROTHERMAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF BIO-OIL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS COMPOSITION, ENGINEERING AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING... 

Hydrothermal and Thermochemical Synthesis of Bio-Oil from Lignocellulosic Biomass Composition, Engineering... 

Analysis of the products of bio-oil HT has progressed beyond the more common elemental composition, component analysis by GCMS, and simple fuel properties such as density, viscosity, and acid content, which is performed for the direct liquefaction products (Oasmaa et al., 2010) (see Table 19.2.)... 

The chemical composition of the produced oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The samples were prepared by diluting the bio oil in methanol in a way that the fraction of organic oil was the same in each GC-vial. The products found in the oil were grouped as aldehydes, acids, alcohols, ketones, phenols, polyaromatics and others. The most interesting groups are shown in Table 4 and Table 5, arranged according to their retention time (RT). The procedure for the GC-MS analysis has been previously reported by the authors [4],... 

The chemical composition of the bio oil was changed depending on the catalyst used. The more acidic ZSM-5 catalysts produced more polyaromatics and less aldehydes than the less acidic Beta catalysts. Interestingly, levoglucosan was only found in the non-catalytic and in the pure ZSM-5 zeolite oil. 

Another approach to produce chemicals via degraded molecules is the fast pyrolysis of biomass at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. This gives gas, tar and up to 80 wt.% of a so-called bio-oil liquid phase, which is a mixture of hundreds molecules. Some of compounds produced by pyrolysis have been identified as fragments of the basic components of biomass, viz. lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The bio-oil composition depends upon the nature of starting... 

Fast pyrolysis oil has almost the same elemental composition as the biomass itself hence it can be seen as a kind of liquid wood. It can be transported, can be pressurized and processed more easily than solid biomass. One of the major difficulties in the catalytic conversion of solid biomass is achieving effident con-tad between the heterogeneous catalyst (which is most of the times a solid) and the biomass itself. In this context, bio-oil provides more options for easier catalytic conversion. However, pyrolysis is a very complex and the oil is a difficult to handle chemical mixture. Complete vaporization, for instance, is not possible because part of the components start to decompose and polymerize upon heating... 

Yields of the different pyrolysis products (i.e. char, bio-oil, and gases) are dependent on the chemical composition of biomass. Biomass with high lignin content produces more char compared to biomass with lower content [20], Furthermore, biomass with high alkali and alkali earth metal concentrations generates less bio-oil and instead more char and gases [14, 15, 21]. Prior to pyrolysis, it is beneficial to dry the biomass to less than 10 wt% moisture in order to minimize the water content in the bio-oil [14],... 

Bio-oil from rapid pyrolysis is usually a dark brown, free-flowing liquid having a distinctive smoky odor. It has significantly different physical and chemical properties compared to the liquid from slow pyrolysis processes, which is more like a tar. Bio-oils are multicomponent mixtures comprised of different size molecules derived primarily from depolymerization and fragmentation reactions of the three key biomass building blocks cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Therefore, the elemental composition of biooil resembles that of biomass rather than that of petroleum oils. Basic properties of biooils are shown in Table 33.7. More detail on fuel-related characteristics is provided in the literature.571... 

Pyrolysis liquid is referred to by many names including pyrolysis oil, bio-oil, bio-crude-oil, bio-fiiel-oil, wood liquids, wood oil, liquid smoke, wood distillates, pyroligneous tar, pyroligneous acid, and liquid wood. The crude pyrolysis liquid is dark brovyn and approximates to biomass in elemental composition. It is conqsosed of a very complex mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons with an appreciable proportion of water from both the original moisture and reaction product. Solid char and dissolved alkali metals from ash (34) may also be present. 

The high heating value (22.4 MJ/kg) makes this bio-oil suitable for combustion in boilers or gas turbines. Its flash point is high enough ( > 90"C) from a safety point of view. However, it can be corrosive for certain metals (pH = 2.7). Elemental composition showed that the oil contains a very low sulphur content, a relatively low carbon content and a high oxygen content. 

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