The implementation of activation

As already mentioned, the role of the cantons is even more important in the area of unemployment assistance and social assistance, where no federal schemes exist, and cantons thus enjoy a large autonomy in the design of their local schemes and the management of activation. Once again, differences in local socio-economic situation and their impact on local schemes must not be underestimated. For example, the share of population on social assistance in 2004 ranged between 0.6 (Appenzell Inner Rhodes) and 6.5% (Basel-City) (OFS 2006). 

Up to now, local employment officers can decide on which ALMPs to rely in order to activate the unemployed persons. The result of this is that Swiss cantons rely differently on different types of active measures. For instance, the share of training measures compared to all ALMPs - measured by the number of yearly places - can vary from 10 to 71% depending on the selected canton (SECO 2006a). This means that the local policy mixes between employment and training measures implemented by the RAV/ORP are very different. 

7 Giuliano Bonoli and Fabio Bertozzi would like to thank Thomas Ragni of the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), for providing them with information and access to reports on the evaluation of activation measures. 

8 Among the thirteen countries included in the OECD statistics on unemployment benefit sanctions, only the United States experience a higher incidence of sanctions during the benefit period than Switzerland (OECD 2000). 

9 According to Art. 75a of the AVIG/LACI it is possible to fund pilot projects in the framework of the federal unemployment insurance. 

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Finally, an interesting concept, recently advanced, is the implementation of active materials as nanotube arrays. These systems have high surface area to optimize contact between semiconductor and electrolyte, and good light trapping properties. Their inner space could also be filled with catalysts or sensitizers and/ or pn junctions to obtain charge separation and facilitate electron transport [136]. 

The Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur fur Arbeit) as the unemployment insurance agency is responsible for UB I payment as well as for the implementation of active labour market policy laid down in the Third Book of the Social Code SGB III. The BA is a corporation under public law ( 367(1) SGB III). 

In order to further the goals of social assistance take-up and to realise the implementation of activation, a fourth step new statute on social assistance was enacted in 2004 (Wet Werk en Bijstand). With this statute the government increased the regulatory freedom of the municipalities and decentralised all activation policies to the municipalities. In order to give them a proper financial incentive, they were made fully financially responsible for social assistance benefits. Their financial... 

Job search activity obligations and the benefit, tax and tax credit system are uniform throughout the four countries that make up the UK. The remit of DWP and Jobcentre Plus, which are responsible for the implementation of activation, extends only across GB and not Northern Ireland which has a different administrative architecture. 

In France, the implementation of activation of unemployed and needy persons is a task that is executed in various fields of law. This extends from civil and labour law, tax law and social security law to family allowances law. This means that in France activation is embodied in a very broad legal scope and framework. 

Figure 21.11 Schematic illustrating the implementation of active heart cell stretching using planar EPAM actuators. Cells are grown on a flexible membrane actuated with phasic stretching using EPAM. Depending on EPAM and electrode structure, cells can be stretched in either planar direction or in both directions at the same time.

Another important issue is the control of the pylons during erection and also during the cable spinning, since their frequency varies significantly in that phase. The use of passive dampers (mostly Tuned Liquid Dampers) proves to be ineffective since they have to be constantly tuned to the new pylon configuration. In the past 20 years, this problem has been dealt with the implementation of active and hybrid control strategies. This is a particularly consolidated practice in Japan, with several cases reported... 

The implementation of active, semi-active, and hybrid control strategies is expected to increase, even though passive vibration... 

Although improvements have been made in the EP program for SRS, the new DOE safety culture and concern for the health and safety of the public have dictated that additional improvements be made prior to the restart of K-Reactor. As a result, the restart criteria outlined below have been developed to ensure that an effective EP Program is in place prior to restart. The implementation of activities to meet these criteria will provide a basis for protecting the health and safety of both onsite and offsite personnel in the unlikely event of a reactor accident. 

Eig. 3. Depiction of the light extraction, ie, escape cones of light emission, for various LED chip stmctures consisting of absorbing substrate devices having (a) thin window layers (top cone) (b) thick window layers (top cone and four one-half side cones) (c) thin window plus the implementation of a distributed Bragg reflector between the active layer and the substrate (top and bottom cone). Also shown is (d), the optimal stmcture for light extraction, a... 

Step 1.1 Getting Ready. A thorough preparation for a P2 audit is a prerequisite for an efficient and cost-effective evaluation. Gaining support for the assessment from top-level management, and for the implementation of results, is particularly important. Otherwise, there will be no real action on recommendations. Early in the process, management needs to accept that, at a bare minimum, the audit is a worthwhile exercise and that resources - human and financial - should be diverted from other activities to the task of auditing. 

The Corrective Action Plan (CAP) relies on the sequential performance of activities which are conventional engineering practices. These activities include problem identification, development and evaluation of alternatives, and the implementation of the selected alternative. The three analogous phases identified in the CAP are as follows ... 

A plan is more than a list of goals, a bar chart, or a schedule of activities. For the business plan to be effective it needs to define how the measures it covers are to be achieved and the resources to achieve them obtained. There may well be supplementary plans for this purpose. The plan or plans also need to define who is to be responsible for achieving the goals and implementing the plans. Once this is done and the provisions communicated to those affected, a method of tracking achievement can be put in place. To track performance effectively the implementation of the plan needs to be phased such that target dates are set for the determination and acquisition of resources, the issue of detail implementation plans, the organization of work, and the completion of individual tasks. 

The investigation of minor groove-binding polyamides was greatly accelerated by the implementation of solid-phase synthesis [48]. Originally demonstrated on Boc-y9-Ala-PAM resin with Boc-protected monomers, it was also shown that Fmoc chemistry could be employed with suitably protected monomers and Fmoc-y9-Ala-Wang resin (Fig. 3.8) [49]. Recently, Pessi and coworkers used a sulfonamide-based safety-catch resin to prepare derivatives of hairpin polyamides [50]. Upon activation of the linker, resin-bound polyamides were readily cleaved with stoichiometric quantities of nucleophile to provide thioesters or peptide conjugates. 

Following the implementation of the remedy, the state or the potentially responsible party (PRP) assumes responsibility for the operation and maintenance (O M) of the site, which may include activities such as groundwater pump and treat, and cap maintenance. Once U.S. EPA has determined that all appropriate response actions have been taken and cleanup goals have been achieved, the site is deleted from the NPL through a formal rulemaking process. 

In 1980, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Commonly known as Superfund, the program under this law is focused on the remediation of abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Since 1980, Superfund has assessed nearly 44,400 sites. To date, 33,100 sites have been removed from the Superfund inventory to aid their economic redevelopment, and 11,300 sites remain active with the site assessment program or are included in the National Priorities List (NPL) for the implementation of remedial actions. By September 2000, 1509 sites were included in the NPL with ongoing or completed cleanup activities. 

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